With the exception of Chapter and Section headings, all coloured text has been inserted by AccessIPCC. The non-coloured text is the IPCC original.

A number of emails from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia were published on the Internet in November 2009. This has provided a window into the world of climate science.

We have identified a number of key individuals involved in the emails whom we have designated as Persons of Concern [PoC]; a Journal in which a PoC has published has been designated as a Journal of Concern [JoC].

This is not to suggest that we believe such papers are necessarily flawed, but rather that, as Joseph Alcamo noted at Bali in October 2009, "as policymakers and the public begin to grasp the multi-billion dollar price tag for mitigating and adapting to climate change, we should expect a sharper questioning of the science behind climate policy".

References occur in a list at the end of each chapter. Citations are within the normal text of sections and paragraphs.

Definition of Tags Used

Tag	Explanation	Where Used	References	Citations
PoC	Person of Concern Key individual involved in CRU emails as defined in this spreadsheet. NOTE: we anticipate that this definition will be expanded as more data is coded.	References, Citations, IPCC Roles	7	7
JoC	Journal of Concern A Journal which has published articles by one or more PoCs (Person of Concern)	References, Citations	136	187
MoS	Model or Simulation Reference appears to be a model or simulation, not observation or experiment	References, Citations	116	172
NPR	Non Peer Reviewed Reference has no Journal or no Volume or no Pages or it has Editors.	References, Citations	207	285
SRC	Self Reference Concern Author of a chapter containing references to own work.	References, Citations, IPCC Roles	58	94
ARC	Paper authored or co-authored by person who is also in list of Authors of another chapter.	References, Citations	124	176
2007	Paper dated 2007, when IPCC policy stated cutoff was December 2005 with mid-February 2006 for exceptions.	References, Citations	24	39
Ambiguous	The short inline citation matched with more than one reference; however, AccessIPCC will link to the first reference found.	Citations	-	13
NotFound	The short inline citation was not matched with any reference. Believed to be caused by typing errors.	Citations	-	9
Clean	The reference was probably peer reviewed. The reference was dated before the cutoff (2005-2006). Its authors were not members of the Team. It was not published in a Journal of Concern. Its authors were not AR4 Authors.	References, Citations	180	184

Chapter Table of Contents

Title	Clean	Tagged	NotFound	Ambiguous
Chapter 12: Europe	-	-	-	-
12.1 Introduction	-	-	-	-
12.1.1 Summary of knowledge from the Third Assessment Report	-	-	-	-
12.2 Current sensitivity/vulnerability	-	-	-	-
12.2.1 Climate factors and trends	2	10	-	-
12.2.2 Non-climate factors and trends	3	25	-	-
12.2.3 Current adaptation and adaptive capacity	-	6	-	-
12.3 Assumptions about future trends	-	-	-	-
12.3.1 Climate projections	-	-	-	-
12.3.1.1 Mean climate	-	17	-	1
12.3.1.2 Extreme events	1	17	1	1
12.3.2 Non-climate trends	3	11	-	-
12.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities	-	1	-	-
12.4.1 Water resources	6	31	-	2
12.4.10 Property insurance	-	4	-	-
12.4.11 Human health	39	49	-	-
12.4.2 Coastal and marine systems	7	50	4	-
12.4.3 Mountains and sub-Arctic regions	13	25	2	-
12.4.4 Forests, shrublands and grasslands	-	-	-	-
12.4.4.1 Forests	15	57	-	1
12.4.4.2 Shrublands	23	16	-	1
12.4.4.3 Grasslands	-	-	-	-
12.4.5 Wetlands and aquatic ecosystems	10	24	-	-
12.4.6 Biodiversity	6	30	-	-
12.4.7 Agriculture and fisheries	-	-	-	-
12.4.7.1 Crops and livestock	5	25	-	3
12.4.7.2 Marine fisheries and aquaculture	5	21	-	-
12.4.8 Energy and transport	-	-	-	-
12.4.8.1 Energy	4	22	-	-
12.4.8.2 Transport	3	5	-	-
12.4.9 Tourism and recreation	-	8	-	-
12.5 Adaptation: practices, options and constraints	-	-	-	-
12.5.1 Water resources	4	15	-	-
12.5.10 Property insurance	-	5	-	-
12.5.11 Human Health	5	15	1	-
12.5.2 Coastal and marine systems	3	13	1	-
12.5.3 Mountains and sub-Arctic regions	1	7	-	-
12.5.4 Forests, shrublands and grasslands	7	3	-	-
12.5.5 Wetlands and aquatic ecosystems	1	5	-	1
12.5.6 Biodiversity	3	8	-	-
12.5.7 Agriculture and fisheries	-	10	-	-
12.5.8 Energy and transport	-	4	-	-
12.5.9 Tourism and recreation	-	7	-	-
12.6 Case studies	-	-	-	-
12.6.1 Heatwave of 2003	8	15	-	3
12.6.2 Thermohaline circulation changes in the North Atlantic: possible impacts for Europe	1	25	-	-
12.7 Conclusions: implications for sustainable development	1	20	-	-
12.8 Key uncertainties and research priorities	5	21	-	-
Number of citations of various credibilities	184	627	9	13
Percentages of citations of various credibilities	22.1%	75.3%	1.1%	1.6%

Executive summary

Many of the results reported here are based on a range of emissions scenarios extending up to the end of the 21st century and assume no specific climate policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

For the first time, wide ranging impacts of changes in current climate have been documented in Europe (very high confidence).

The warming trend and spatially variable changes in rainfall have affected composition and functioning of both the cryosphere (retreat of glaciers and extent of permafrost) as well as natural and managed ecosystems (lengthening of growing season, shift of species) [ 12.2.1 ]. Another example is the European heatwave in 2003 which had major impacts on biophysical systems and society [ 12.6.1 ]. The observed changes are consistent with projections of impacts due to climate change [ 12.4 ].

Climate-related hazards will mostly increase, although changes will vary geographically (very high confidence).

Winter floods are likely to increase in maritime regions and flash floods are likely to increase throughout Europe [ 12.4.1 ]. Coastal flooding related to increasing storminess and sea-level rise is likely to threaten up to 1.6 million additional people annually [ 12.4.2 ]. Warmer, drier conditions will lead to more frequent and prolonged droughts, as well as to a longer fire season and increased fire risk, particularly in the Mediterranean region [ 12.3.1.2 , 12.4.4.1 ]. During dry years, catastrophic fires are expected on drained peatlands in central Europe [ 12.4.5 ]. The frequency of rock falls will increase due to destabilisation of mountain walls by rising temperatures and melting of permafrost [ 12.4.3 ].Without adaptive measures, risks to health due to more frequent heatwaves, particularly in central and southern Europe, and flooding, and greater exposure to vector- and food-borne diseases are anticipated to increase [ 12.3.1.2 , 12.6.1 ]. Some impacts may be positive, as in reduced risk of extreme cold events because of increasing winter temperatures. However, on balance, health risks are very likely to increase [ 12.4.11 ].

Climate change is likely to magnify regional differences of Europe’s natural resources and assets (very high confidence).

Climate scenarios indicate significant warming, greater in winter in the North and in summer in southern and central Europe [ 12.3.1 ]. Mean annual precipitation is projected to increase in the North and decrease in the South [ 12.3.1 ]. Crop suitability is likely to change throughout Europe, and crop productivity (all other factors remaining unchanged) is likely to increase in northern Europe, and decrease along the Mediterranean and in south-eastern Europe [ 12.4.7.1 ]. Forests are projected to expand in the North and retreat in the South [ 12.4.4.1 ]. Forest productivity and total biomass is likely to increase in the North and decrease in central Europe, while tree mortality is likely to accelerate in the South [ 12.4.4.1 ]. Differences in water availability between regions are anticipated to become sharper (annual average runoff increases in the North and North-west, and to decrease in the South and South-east) [ 12.4.1 ].

Water stress will increase, as well as the number of people living in river basins under high water stress (high confidence).

Water stress will increase over central and southern Europe. The percentage area under high water stress is likely to increase from 19% today to 35% by the 2070 s, and the additional number of people affected by the 2070 s is expected to be between 16 millions and 44 millions [ 12.4.1 ]. The most affected regions are southern Europe and some parts of central and eastern Europe, where summer flows may be reduced by up to 80% [ 12.4.1 ]. The hydropower potential of Europe is expected to decline on average by 6% but by 20 to 50% around the Mediterranean by the 2070 s [ 12.4.8.1 ].

It is anticipated that Europe’s natural (eco)systems and biodiversity will be substantially affected by climate change (very high confidence). The great majority of organisms and ecosystems are likely to have difficulty in adapting to climate change (high confidence).

Sea-level rise is likely to cause an inland migration of beaches and the loss of up to 20% of coastal wetlands [ 12.4.2 ], reducing habitat availability for several species that breed or forage in low-lying coastal areas [ 12.4.6 ]. Small glaciers will disappear and larger glaciers substantially shrink during the 21st century [ 12.4.3 ]. Many permafrost areas in the Arctic are projected to disappear [ 12.4.5 ]. In the Mediterranean, many ephemeral aquatic ecosystems are projected to disappear, and permanent ones to shrink [ 12.4.5 ]. Recruitment and production of marine fisheries in the North Atlantic are likely to increase [ 12.4.7.2 ]. The northward expansion of forests is projected to reduce current tundra areas under some scenarios [ 12.4.4 ]. Mountain plant communities face up to a 60% loss of species under high emissions scenarios [ 12.4.3 ]. A large percentage of the European flora is likely to become vulnerable, endangered, or committed to extinction by the end of this century [ 12.4.6 ]. Options for adaptation are likely to be limited for many organisms and ecosystems. For example, limited dispersal is very likely to reduce the range of most reptiles and amphibians [ 12.4.6 ]. Low-lying, geologically subsiding coasts are likely to be unable to adapt to sea-level rise [ 12.5.2 ]. There are no obvious climate adaptation options for either tundra or alpine vegetation [ 12.5.3 ]. The adaptive capacity of ecosystems can be enhanced by reducing human stresses [ 12.5.3 , 12.5.5 ]. New sites for conser-vation may be needed because climate change is very likely to alter conditions of suitability for many species in current sites [ 12.5.6 ].

Climate change is estimated to pose challenges to many European economic sectors and is expected to alter the distribution of economic activity (high confidence).

Agriculture will have to cope with increasing water demand for irrigation in southern Europe, and with additional restrictions due to increases in crop-related nitrate leaching [ 12.5.7 ]. Winter heating demands are expected to decrease and summer cooling demands to increase: around the Mediterranean, two to three fewer weeks in a year will require heating but an additional two to five weeks will need cooling by 2050 [ 12.4.8.1 ]. Peak electricity demand is likely to shift in some locations from winter to summer [ 12.4.8.1 ]. Tourism along the Mediterranean is likely to decrease in summer and increase in spring and autumn. Winter tourism in mountain regions is anticipated to face reduced snow cover [ 12.4.9 ].

Adaptation to climate change is likely to benefit from experiences gained in reaction to extreme climate events, by specifically implementing proactive climate change risk management adaptation plans (high confidence).

Since the Third Assessment Report, governments have increased greatly the number of actions for coping with extreme climate events. Current thinking about adaptation to extreme climate events has moved away from reactive disaster relief towards more proactive risk management. A prominent example is the implementation in several countries of early warning systems for heatwaves [ 12.6.1 ]. Other actions have addressed long-term climate changes. For example, national action plans have been developed for adapting to climate change [ 12.5 ] and more specific plans have been incorporated into European and national policies for agriculture, energy, forestry, transport, and other sectors [ 12.2.3 , 12.5.2 ]. Research has also provided new insights into adaptation policies (e.g., studies showed that crops that become less economically viable under climate change can be replaced profitably by bioenergy crops) [ 12.5.7 ].

Although the effectiveness and feasibility of adaptation measures are expected to vary greatly, only a few governments and institutions have systematically and critically examined a portfolio of measures (very high confidence).

As an example, some reservoirs used now as a measure for adapting to precipitation fluctuations may become unreliable in regions where long-term precipitation is projected to decrease [ 12.4.1 ]. In terms of forestry, the range of management options to cope with climate change varies largely among forest types, some having many more options than others [ 12.5.4 ].

12.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews existing literature on the anticipated impacts, adaptation and vulnerability of Europe to climate change during the 21st century. The area covered under Europe in this report includes all countries from Iceland in the west to Russia (west of the Urals) and the Caspian Sea in the east, and from the northern shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Caucasus in the south to the Arctic Ocean in the north. Polar issues, however, are covered in greater detail in Chapter 15 .

12.2 Current sensitivity/vulnerability

12.3 Assumptions about future trends

12.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities

The wide range of climate change impacts and vulnerabilities expected in Europe is summarised in Figure 12.3 and Table 12.4 .

12.5 Adaptation: practices, options and constraints

12.6 Case studies

12.7 Conclusions: implications for sustainable development

The fraction of total plant growth or the net primary production appropriated by humans (HANPP) is a measure widely used to assess the ‘human domination of Earth’s ecosystems’ ( Haberl et al., 2002 [JoC] ). Currently, HANPP in western Europe (WE) amounts to 2.86 tonnes carbon/capita/yr, which is 72.2% of its terrestrial net primary production. This exceeds, by far, the global average of 20% ( Imhoff et al., 2004 [JoC, ARC] ). The ‘ecological footprint’ (EF) is an estimate of the territory required to provide resources consumed by a given population ( Wackernagel et al., 2002 [JoC] ). In 2001, the EF of central and eastern Europe (CEE) was 3.8 ha/capita, and of WE 5.1 ha/capita ( WWF, 2004 [NPR] ). These values also far exceed the global average of 2.2 ha/capita ( WWF, 2004 [NPR] ). WE is one of the largest ‘importers’ of land, an expression of the net trade balance for agricultural products ( van Vuuren and Bouwman, 2005 [MoS, ARC] ). Globally, by 2050 the total EF is very likely to increase by between 70% (B2 scenario) and 300% (A1B scenario), thus placing an additional burden on a planet which some consider is already at an unsustainable level ( Wackernagel et al., 2002 [JoC] ; Wilson, 2002 [NPR, MoS] ). Large changes in demand for land in regions with high population growth and changing consumption habits are expected, which is likely to result in a (need to) decrease WE imports ( van Vuuren and Bouwman, 2005 [MoS, ARC] ). The per capita EF of WE and CEE is projected to converge by the middle of this century, at which time values for WE become slightly lower (B2 scenario) or larger (A1B scenario) than current ones, and those of CEE increase to reach those of WE. In any case, European EF is very likely to remain much higher than the global average ( van Vuuren and Bouwman, 2005 [MoS, ARC] ).

Climate change in Europe is likely to have some positive effects (e.g., increased forest area, increased crop yield in northern Europe), or offer new opportunities (e.g., ‘surplus land’). However, many changes are very likely to increase vulnerability due to reduced supply of ecosystem services (declining water availability, climate regulation potential or biodiversity), increase of climate-related hazards and disruption in productive sectors, among others ( Schröter et al., 2005 [JoC, SRC] ; Metzger et al., 2006 [ARC] ) ( Table 12.4 ). Therefore, additional pressures are very likely to be exerted upon Europe’s environment, which is already subject to substantial pressures ( EEA, 2003 [NPR] ), and social and economic systems. Furthermore, climate change is likely to magnify regional differences in terms of Europe’s natural resources and assets since impacts are likely to be unevenly distributed geographically, with the most negative impacts occurring in the south and east ( Table 12.4 ). Adaptive capacity is high, although it varies greatly between countries (higher in the north than in the south and east) due to their different socio-economic systems ( Yohe and Tol, 2002 [JoC, ARC] ). Adaptive capacity is expected to increase in the future, yet, differences among countries will persist ( Metzger et al., 2004 [NPR, ARC] , 2006 ). Hence, climate change is likely to create additional imbalances since negative impacts are likely to be largest where adaptive capacity is lowest.

The integration of sustainability goals into other sectoral policy areas is progressing, for instance, through national, regional and local sustainable development strategies and plans. However, these have not yet had a decisive effect on policies ( EEA, 2003 [NPR] ). Although climate change and sustainable development policies have strong linkages, they have evolved in parallel, at times they even compete with one another. Climate change is very likely to challenge established sustainability goals. Tools, such as integrated modelling approaches ( Holman et al., 2005 [JoC, ARC] ; Berry et al., 2006 [ARC] ), integration frameworks ( Tschakert and Olsson, 2005 [JoC] ) and scenario build-up ( (Wiek et al., 2006 ) ) can help bridge the gap in the limited understanding we have on how climate change will ultimately affect sustainability. Pursuit of sustainable development goals might be a better avenue for achieving climate change policy goals than climate change policies themselves ( Robinson et al., 2006 [ARC] ).

12.8 Key uncertainties and research priorities

Uncertainties in future climate projections are discussed in great detail in Working Group I Section 10.5 ( Meehl et al., 2007 [NPR, ARC, 2007] ). For Europe, a major uncertainty is the future behaviour of the NAO and North Atlantic THC. Also important, but not specific to Europe, are the uncertainties associated with the still insufficient resolution of GCMs (e.g., Etchevers et al., 2002 [JoC] ;( Bronstert, 2003 ) ), and with downscaling techniques and regional climate models ( Mearns et al., 2003 [JoC, MoS, ARC] ; Haylock et al., 2006 [JoC, MoS, ARC] ; Déqué et al., 2007 [JoC, MoS, 2007] ). Uncertainties in climate impact assessment also stem from the uncertainties of land-use change and socio-economic development ( Rounsevell et al., 2005 [MoS, ARC] , 2006 ) following European policies (e.g., CAP), and European Directives (Water Framework Directive, European Maritime Strategy Directive). Although most impact studies use the SRES scenarios, the procedures for scenario development are the subject of debate ( (Castle and Henderson, 2003a, ) b; Grübler et al., 2004 [SRC] ; Holtsmark and Alfsen, 2005 [JoC] ; van Vuuren and Alfsen, 2006 [JoC, ARC] ). While current scenarios appear to reflect well the course of events in the recent past ( van Vuuren and O’Neill, 2006 [JoC, MoS, ARC] ), further research is needed to better account for the range of possible scenarios ( Tol, 2006 [JoC, ARC] ). This might be important for Europe given the many economies in transition.

Uncertainties in assessing future climate impacts also arise from the limitations of climate impact models including (i) structural uncertainty due to the inability of models to capture all influential factors, e.g., the models used to assess health impacts of climate change usually neglect social factors in the spread of disease ( Kuhn et al., 2004 [MoS] ;( Reiter et al., 2004; ) ( Sutherst, 2004 ) ), and climate-runoff models often neglect the direct effect of increasing CO₂ concentration on plant transpiration ( Gedney et al., 2006 [JoC, ARC] ), (ii) lack of long-term representative data for model evaluation, e.g., current vector-monitoring systems are often unable to provide the reliable identification of changes ( Kovats et al., 2001 [ARC] ). Hence, more attention should be given to structural improvement of models and intensifying efforts of long-term monitoring of the environment, and systematic testing of models against observed data in field trials or catchment monitoring programmes ( Hildén et al., 2005 [NPR] ). Another way to address the uncertainty of deterministic models is to use probabilistic modelling which can produce an ensemble of scenarios, (e.g., Wilby and Harris, 2006 [ARC] ; Araújo and New, 2007 [MoS, SRC, 2007] ; ENSEMBLES project, http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com/).

Until now, most impact studies have been conducted for separate sectors even if, in some cases, several sectors have been included in the same study (e.g., Schröter et al., 2005 [JoC, SRC] ). Few studies have addressed impacts on various sectors and systems including their possible interactions by integrated modelling approaches ( Holman et al., 2005 [JoC, ARC] ; Berry et al., 2006 [ARC] ). Even in these cases, there are various levels (supra-national, national, regional and sub-regional) that need to be jointly considered, since, if adaptation measures are to be implemented, knowledge down to the lowest decision level will be required. The varied geography, climate and human values of Europe pose a great challenge for evaluation of the ultimate impacts of climate change.

Although there are some good examples, such as the ESPACE-project ( (Nadarajah and Rankin, 2005 ) ), national-scale programmes, such as the FINADAPT project, studies of adaptation to climate change and of adaptation costs are at an early stage and need to be carried out urgently. These studies need to match adaptation measures to specific climate change impacts (e.g., targeted to alleviating impacts on particular types of agriculture, water management or on tourism at specific locations). They need to take into account regional differences in adaptive capacity (e.g., wide regional differences exist in Europe in the style and application of coastal management). Adaptation studies need to consider that in some cases both positive and negative impacts may occur as a result of climate change (e.g., the productivity of some crops may increase, while others decrease at the same location, e.g., Alexandrov et al., 2002 [JoC] ). Key research priorities for impacts of climate change, adaptation and implications are included in Table 12.5 .

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Kaste, Ø., K. Rankinen and A. Leipistö, 2004: Modelling impacts of climate and deposition changes on nitrogen fluxes in northern catchments of Norway and Finland. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 778-792. [MoS]

Keatinge, W.R., 2002: Winter mortality and its causes. Int. J Circumpolar Health, 61, 292-299. Clean

Keatinge, W.R., 2003: Death in heatwaves. BMJ, 327, 512-513. Clean

Keatinge, W.R. and G.C. Donaldson, 2004: The impact of global warming on health and mortality. South. Med. J., 97, 1093-1099. Clean

Keatinge, W.R., G.C. Donaldson, E. Cordioli, M. Martinelli, A.E. Kunst, J.P. Mackenbach, S. Nayha and I. Vuori, 2000: Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study. BMJ, 321, 670 –673. Clean

Keay, K. and I. Simmonds, 2006: Road accidents and rainfall in a large Australian city. Accident Anal. Prev., 38, 445-454. Clean

Keller, K., B.M. Bolker and D.F. Bradford, 2004: Uncertain climate thresholds and optimal economic growth. J. Environ. Econ. Manage., 48, 723-741. [ARC]

Kellomäki, S. and S. Leinonen, Eds., 2005: Management of European Forests under Changing Climatic Conditions. Final Report of the Project Silvistrat. University of Joensuu, Research Notes 163, Joensuu, Finland, 427 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Kellomäki, S., H. Strandman, T. Nuutinen, H. Petola, K.T. Kothonen and H. Väisänen, 2005: Adaptation of Forest Ecosystems, Forest and Forestry to Climate Change. FINDAT Working Paper 4, Finnish Environment Institute Mimeographs 334, Helsinki, 44 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Kirch, W., B. Menne and R, Bertollini, Eds., 2005: Extreme Weather Events and Public Health Responses. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 303 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Kirkinen, J., A. Matrikainen, H. Holttinen, I. Savolainen, O. Auvinen and S. Syri, 2005: Impacts on the Energy Sector and Adaptation of the Electricity Network under a Changing Climate in Finland. FINADAPT, working paper 10, Finnish Environment Institute. [NPR]

Kislitsin, V., S. Novikov and N. Skvortsova, 2005: Moscow smog of summer 2002. Evaluation of adverse health effects. Extreme Weather Events and Public Health Responses, W. Kirch, B. Menne and R. Bertollini, Eds.,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 255-262. [NPR]

Kistemann, T., T. Classen, C. Koch, F. Dangendorf, R. Fischeder, J. Gebel, V. Vacata and M. Exner, 2002: Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 2188-2197. Clean

Kjellström, E., 2004: Recent and future signatures of climate change in Europe. Ambio, 23, 193-198. [MoS]

Kjellström, E., L. Bärring, D. Jacob, R. Jones and G. Lenderink, 2007: Modelling daily temperature extremes: recent climate and future changes over Europe. Climatic Change, 81, S249-S265. [JoC, MoS, ARC, 2007]

Klanderud, K. and H.J.B. Birks 2003: Recent increases in species richness and shifts in altitudinal distributions of Norwegian mountain plants. The Holocene, 13, 1-6. Clean

Klawa, M. and U. Ulbrich, 2003: A model for the estimation of storm losses and the identification of severe winter storms in Germany. Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci., 3, 725-732. [MoS]

Klein Tank, A.M.G., 2004. Changing Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in Europe’s Climate of the 20th Century. PhD dissertation, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 124 pp. [NPR]

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Klein Tank, A.M.G., J.B. Wijngaard, G.P. Konnen, R. Bohm, G. Demaree, A. Gocheva, M. Mileta, S. Pashiardis, L. Hejkrlik, C. Kern-Hansen, R. Heino, P. Bessemoulin, G. Muller-Westermeier, M. Tzanakou, S. Szalai, T. Palsdottir, D. Fitzgerald, S. Rubin, M. Capaldo, M. Maugeri, A. Leitass, A. Bukantis, R. Aberfeld, A.F.V. VanEngelen, E. Forland, M. Mietus, F. Coelho, C. Mares, V. Razuvaev, E. Nieplova, T. Cegnar, J.A. López, B. Dahlstrom, A. Moberg, W. Kirchhofer, A. Ceylan, O. Pachaliuk, L.V. Alexander and P. Petrovic, 2002: Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European Climate Assessment. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1441-1453. [JoC]

Kljuev, N.N., 2001: Russia and its Regions. Nauka, Moscow, 214 pp. (in Russian). [NPR]

Klyashtorin, L., 2001: Climate Change and Long-Term Fluctuations of Commercial Catches: the Possibility of Forecasting. Rome, FAO, 86 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Knight, C.G., I. Raev, and M. P. Staneva, Eds., 2004: Drought in Bulgaria: A Contemporary Analog of Climate Change. Ashgate, Aldershot, Hampshire 336 pp. [NPR]

Knippertz, P., U. Ulbrich and P. Speth, 2000: Changing cyclones and surface wind speeds over the North Atlantic and Europe in a transient GHG experiment. Clim. Res., 15, 109-122. Clean

Koca, D., S. Smith and M.T. Sykes, 2006: Modelling regional climate change effects on potential natural ecosystems in Sweden. Climatic Change, 78, 381-406. [JoC, MoS]

Kont, A., J. Jaagus, R. Aunapb, U. Ratasa and R. Rivisa, 2007: Implications of sea-level rise for Estonia. J. Coast. Res., (in press). [NPR, 2007]

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Korenberg, E.I., 2004: Ecological preconditions of the possible influence of climate change on natural habitats and their epidemic manifestation. Climate Change and Public Health in Russia in the XXI century, N.F. Izmerov, B.A. Revich, and E.I. Korenberg, Eds., Proceeding of the workshop, April 5-6, 2004, Moscow Publishing Company Adamant, Moscow, 54-67 (in Russian). [NPR]

Körner, C., 2003: Alpine Plant Life. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, FRG. 388 pp. [NPR, ARC]

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Kosatsky, T., 2005: The 2003 European heatwave. Euro Surveill., 10, 148-149. Clean

Kosatsky, T. and B. Menne, 2005: Preparedness for extreme weather among national ministries of health of WHO’s European region. Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health, B. Menne and K.L. Ebi, Eds., Springer, Darmstadt, 297-329. [NPR, ARC]

Kostiainen, K., H. Lalkanen, S. Kaakinen, P. Saranpää and E. Vapaavuori, 2006: Wood properties of two silver birch clones exposed to elevated CO₂ and O₃. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1230-1240. [JoC]

Kovats, R.S., D.H. Campbell-Lendrum, A.J. McMichael, A. Woodward and J.S. Cox, 2001: Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease? Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London , 356, 1057-1068. [ARC]

Kovats, R.S., S.J. Edwards, S. Hajat, B.G. Armstrong, K.L. Ebi, B. Menne and the collaborating group, 2004: The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiol. Infect., 132, 443–453. [ARC]

Kovats, R.S. and G. Jendritzky, 2006: Heat-waves and human health. Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health, B. Menne and K.L. Ebi, Eds., Springer, Darmstadt, Germany. 63-90. [NPR, ARC]

Kovats, R.S. and C. Tirado, 2006: Climate, weather and enteric disease. Climate change and adaptation strategies for human health, B. Menne and K.L. Ebi, Eds., Springer, Darmstadt, 269-295. [NPR, ARC]

Krüger, A., U. Ulbrich and P. Speth, 2002: Groundwater recharge in Northrhine-Westfalia by a statistical model for greenhouse gas scenarios. Phys. Chem. Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 26, 853-861. [NPR, MoS]

KSLA, 2004: Climate change and forestry in Sweden – a literature review. Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, 143, 40. Clean

Kuhn, K.G., D.H. Campbell-Lendrum and C.R. Davies, 2004: Tropical Diseases in Europe? How we can learn from the past to predict the future. EpiNorth, 5, 6-13. [MoS]

Kull, O., I. Tulva and E. Vapaavuorvi, 2005: Consequences of elevated CO₂ and O₃ on birch canopy structure: implementation of a canopy growth model. For. Ecol. Manage., 212, 1-13. [MoS]

Kullman, L., 2001: 20th century climate warming and tree-limit rise in the southern Scandes of Sweden. Ambio, 30, 72-80. Clean

Kullman, L., 2002: Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. J. Ecol., 90, 68-77. Clean

Kundzewicz, Z.W., M. Parry, W. Cramer, J.I. Holten, Z. Kaczmarek, P. Martens, R.J. Nicholls, M. Oquist, M.D.A Rounsevell and J. Szolgay, 2001: Europe. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds.,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 641-692. [NPR, ARC]

Lake, P.S., 2000: Disturbance, patchiness, and diversity in streams. J. North. Benthol. Soc., 19, 573-592. Clean

Lal, M., H. Harasawa, D. Murdiyarso and Co-authors, 2001: Asia. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 533-590. [NPR, ARC]

Lallana, C., W. Kriner, R. Estrela, S. Nixon, J. Leonard and J.J. Berland, 2001: Sustainable Water Use in Europe, Part 2: Demand Management. Environmental Issues Report No. 19. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, 94 pp. [NPR]

Langner, J., R. Bergstom and V. Foltescu, 2005: Impact of climate change on surface ozone and deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in Europe. Atmos. Environ., 39, 1129-1141. Clean

Lapenis, A., A. Shvidenko, D. Shepashenko, S. Nilsson and A. Aiyyer, 2005: Acclimation of Russian forests to recent changes in climate. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 2090-2102. [JoC, SRC]

Lapin M. and K. Hlavcova, 2003: Changes in Summer Type of Flash Floods in the Slovak Carpathians due to Changing Climate. Proceedings of the International Conference on Alpine Meteorology and MPA2003 meeting, Brig, Switzerland, 66, 105-108, Meteoswiss. [NPR]

Lasch, P., M. Linder, M. Erhard, F. Suckow and A. Wenzel, 2002: Regional impact assessment on forest structure and functions under climate change-the Brandenburg case study. For. Ecol. Manage., 162, 73-86. Clean

Laternser, M. and M. Schneebeli, 2003: Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931-99). Int. J. Climatol., 23, 733-750. [JoC]

Lavoie, M., D. Paré and Y. Bergeron, 2005: Impact of global change and forest management on carbon sequestration in northern forested peatlands. Environ. Rev., 13, 199-240. Clean

Learmonth, J.A., C.D. MacLeod, M.B. Santos, G.J. Pierce, H.Q.P. Crick and R.A. Robinson, 2006: Potential effects of climate change on marine mammals. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.: An Annual Review, 44, 431-464. [NPR]

Leckebusch, G.C. and U. Ulbrich, 2004: On the relationship between cyclones and extreme windstorm events over Europe under climate change. Global Planet. Change, 44, 181-193. Clean

Lehner, B., T. Heinrichs, P. Döll and J. Alcamo, 2001: EuroWasser – Model-Based Assessment of European Water Resources and Hydrology in the Face of Global Change. Kassel World Water Series 5, Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Lehner, B., G. Czisch and S. Vassolo, 2005: The impact of global change on the hydropower potential of Europe: a model-based analysis. Energy Policy, 33, 839-855. [MoS]

Lehner, B., P. Döll, J. Alcamo, H. Henrichs and F. Kaspar, 2006: Estimating the impact of global change on flood and drought risks in Europe: a continental, integrated analysis. Climatic Change, 75, 273-299. [JoC, MoS, SRC]

Lenderink, G., A. Van Ulden, B. van den Hurk and E. van Meijgaard, 2007: Summertime inter-annual temperature variability in an ensemble of regional model simulations: analysis of the surface energy budget. Climatic Change, 81, S233-S247. [JoC, MoS, 2007]

Levermann, A., A. Griesel, M. Hofman, M. Montoya and S. Rahmstorf, 2005: Dynamic sea level changes in thermohaline circulation. Climate Dyn., 24, 347-354. [PoC, JoC]

Lexer, M.J., K. Honninger, H. Scheifinger, C. Matulla, N. Groll, H. Kromp-Kolb, K. Schadauer, F. Starlinger and M. Englisch, 2002: The sensitivity of Austrian forests to scenarios of climatic change: a large-scale risk assessment based on a modified gap model and forest inventory data. For. Ecol. Manage., 162, 53-72. [MoS]

Linder, M., 2000: Developing adaptive forest management strategies to cope with climate change. Tree Physiol., 20, 299-307. Clean

Lindgren, E. and R. Gustafson, 2001: Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet, 358, 16–18. Clean

Lindgren, E. and T.G.T. Jaenson, 2006: Lyme borreliosis in Europe: Influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures. Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health, B. Menne and K.L. Ebi, Eds.,Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, 157-188. [NPR]

Lindgren, E. and T. Naucke, 2006: Leishmaniasis: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures. Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health, B. Menne and K.L. Ebi, Eds.,Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, 131-156. [NPR]

Link, P.M. and R.S.J. Tol, 2004: Possible economic impacts of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation: an application of FUND. Port. Econ. J., 3, 99-114. [ARC]

Linkosalo, T., T.R. Carter, R. Häkkinen and P. Hari, 2000: Predicting spring phenology and frost damage risk of Betula spp. under climatic warming: a comparison of two models. Tree Physiol., 20, 1175-1182. [MoS, ARC]

Lionello, P., A. Nizzero and E. Elvini, 2002: A procedure for estimating wind waves and storm-surge climate scenarios in a regional basin: the Adriatic Sea case. Clim. Res., 23, 217-231. [MoS]

Livermore, M.T.J., 2005: The Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Europe: The Role of Extreme Temperatures. Ph.D. thesis, University of East Anglia, UK. [NPR]

Livingstone, D.M., A.F. Lotter and H. Kettle, 2005: Altitude-dependent difference in the primary physical response of Mountain lakes to climatic forcing. Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1313-1325. [MoS]

Llasat, M.C., 2001: An objective classification of rainfall intensity in the Northeast of Spain. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1385-1400. [JoC]

Llorens, L. and J. Peñuelas, 2005: Experimental evidence of future drier and warmer conditions affecting flowering of two co-occurring Mediterranean shrubs. Int. J. Plant. Sci., 166, 235-245. [MoS]

Llorens, L., J. Peñuelas, M. Estiarte and P. Bruna, 2004: Contrasting growth changes in two dominant species of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to experimental drought and warming. Ann. Bot., 94, 843-853. Clean

Lloret, F., J. Peñuelas and M. Estiarte, 2004: Experimental evidence of reduced diversity of seedlings due to climate modification in a Mediterranean-type community. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 248-258. [JoC]

Lloret, F., J. Peñuelas and M. Estiarte, 2005: Effects of vegetation canopy and climate on seedling establishment in Mediterranean shrubland. J. Veg. Sci., 16, 67-76. Clean

London Climate Change Partnership, 2002: London’s Warming: The impacts of climate change in London. Technical Report. Retrieved 10.10.2006 from http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/environment.jsp. [NPR]

López Zafra, J.M., L. Sánchez de Tembleque and V. Meneu, 2005: Impactos sobre el sector energético. Evaluación Preliminar de los Impactos en España for Efecto del Cambio Climático, J.M. Moreno, Ed., Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid, 617-652. [NPR]

Lowe, J. A. and J.M. Gregory, 2005: The effects of climate change on storm surges around the United Kingdom. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 363, 1313-1328. [ARC]

Lozano, I., R.J.N. Devoy, W. May and U. Andersen, 2004: Storminess and vulnerability along the Atlantic coastlines of Europe: analysis of storm records and of a greenhouse gases induced climate scenario. Mar. Geol., 210, 205-225. [SRC]

Ludwig, W., P. Serrat, L. Cesmat and J. Dracia-Esteves, 2003: Evaluating the impact of the recent temperature increase on the hydrology of the Tét River (Southern France). J. Hydrol., 289, 204-221. Clean

Luoto, M., R.K. Heikkinen and T.R. Carter, 2004: Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences. Environ. Conserv., 31, 30-37. [ARC]

Lüscher, A., M. Daepp, H. Blum, U.E. Hartwig and J. Nösberger, 2004: Fertile temperate grassland under elevated atmospheric CO₂ - role of feed-back mechanisms and availability of growth resources. Eur. J. Agron., 21, 379-398. Clean

Maddison, D., 2001: In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change, 49, 193-208. [JoC]

Maestre, F.T. and J. Cortina, 2004: Do Positive Interactions Increase with Abiotic Stress? - a Test from a Semi-Arid Steppe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 271, S331-S333 [NPR]

Magnani, F., L. Consiglio, M. Erhard, A. Nole, F. Ripullone and M. Borghetti, 2004: The sensitivity of Austrian forests to scenarios of climatic change: a large-scale risk assessment based on a modified gap model and forest inventory data. For. Ecol. Manage., 202, 93-105. [MoS]

Maisch, M., 2000: The long-term signal of climate change in the Swiss Alps: Glacier retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age and future ice decay scenarios. Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat., 23, 139-151. [MoS]

Malcolm, J.R., L. Canran, R.P. Neilson, L. Hansen and L. Hannah, 2006: Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conserv. Biol., 20, 538-548. [ARC]

Manning, M., M. Petit, D. Easterling, J. Murphy, A. Patwardhan, H.-H. Rogner, R. Swart and G. Yohe, 2004: IPCC Workshop on Describing Scientific Uncertainties in Climate Change to Support Analysis of Risk and of Options. IPCC Working Group I Technical Support Unit, Boulder, Colorado, UNEP/WMO, 138 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Maracchi, G., O. Sirotenko and M. Bindi, 2005: Impacts of present and future climate variability on agriculture and forestry in the temperate regions: Europe. Climatic Change, 70, 117-135. [JoC, MoS, SRC]

Marsh, J., 2005: The implications of Common Agricultural Policy reform for farmers in Europe. Farm Policy Journal, 2, 1-11. Clean

Martin, E. and P. Etchevers, 2005: Impact of climatic change on snow cover and snow hydrology in the French Alps. Global Change and Mountain Regions (A State of Knowledge Overview). U. M. Huber, H. Bugmann and M. A. Reasoner, Eds., Springer, New York, 235-242. [NPR, SRC]

Martin, E., G. Giraud, Y. Lejeune and G. Boudart, 2001: Impact of climate change on avalanche hazard. Ann. glaciol., 32, 163-167. [NPR, SRC]

Martínez-Vilalta, J. and J. Piñol, 2002: Drought induced mortality and hydraulic architecture in pine populations of the NE Iberian Peninsula. For. Ecol. Manage., 161, 247-256. Clean

Marttila, V., H. Granholm, J. Laanikari, T. Yrjölä, A. Aalto, P. Heikinheimo, J. Honkatukia, H. Järvinen, J. Liski, R. Merivirta and M. Paunio, 2005: Finland’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change. Publications of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 1a/2005, 280 pp. [NPR]

Materna, J., M. Daniel and V. Danielova, 2005: Altitudinal distribution limit of the tick Ixodes ricinus shifted considerably towards higher altitudes in central Europe: results of three years monitoring in the Krkonose Mts. (Czech Republic). Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, 13, 24-28. Clean

Mayor of London, 2005: Climate Change and London’s Transport Systems: Summary Report. Greater London Authority, London. Retrieved 10.10.2006 from: http://www.london.gov.uk/climatechangepartnership/transport.jsp. [NPR]

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McKee, D., K. Hatton, J.W. Eaton, D. Atkinson, A. Atherton, I. Harvey and B. Moss, 2002: Effects of simulated climate warming on macrophytes in freshwater microcosm communities. Aquat. Bot., 74, 71-83. [MoS]

Mearns, L. O., F. Giorgi, L. McDaniel and C. Shields, 2003: Climate scenarios for the Southeastern U.S. based on GCM and regional model simulations. Climatic Change, 60, 7-35. [JoC, MoS, ARC]

Medlyn, B.E., C.V.M. Barton, M. Broadmedow, R. Ceulemans, P. de Angelis, M. Forstreuter, M. Freeman, S.B. Jackson, S. Kellomäki, E. Laitat, A. Rey, P. Robernitz, B. Sigurdsson, J. Strassenmeyer, K. Wang, P.S. Curtis and P.G. Jarvis, 2001: Elevated CO₂ effect on stomatal conductance in European forest species: a synthesis of experimental data. New Phytol., 149, 247-264. [SRC]

Meehl, G.A. and C. Tebaldi, 2004: More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heatwaves in the 21st Century. Science, 305, 994-997. [JoC, ARC]

Meehl, G.A., T. F. Stocker, W. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A. Gaye, J. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J. Murphy, A. Noda, S. Raper, I. Watterson, A. Weaver and Z. Zhao, 2007: Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 747-846. [NPR, ARC, 2007]

Meier, H.E.M., B. Broman and E. Kjellström 2004: Simulated sea level in past and future climates of the Baltic Sea. Clim. Res., 27, 59-75. [MoS]

Meier, H.E.M., B. Broman, H. Kallio and E. Kjellström, 2007: Projection of Future Surface Winds, Sea Levels and Wind Waves in the Late 21st Century and their Application for Impact Studies of Flood Prone Areas in the Baltic Sea Region. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper, Helsinki, (in press). [NPR, MoS, 2007]

Mellor, P.S. and E.J. Wittmann, 2002: Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Vet. J., 164, 20-37. Clean

Menne, B., 2005: Extreme weather events: What can we do to prevent health impacts? Extreme weather events and public health responses, W. Kirch,B. Menne and R. Bertollini, Eds.,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 265-271. [NPR, ARC]

Menne, B. and K.L. Ebi, Eds., 2006: Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, 449 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Menzel, A., 2003: Plant phenological anomalies in Germany and their relation to air temperature and NAO. Climatic Change, 57, 243. [JoC, ARC]

Menzel, A., T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella, E. Koch, A. Aasa, R. Ahas, K. Alm-Kübler, P. Bissoli, O. Braslavska, A. Briede, F.M. Chmielewski, Z. Crepinsek, Y. Curnel, Å. Dalh, C. Defila, A. Donnelly, Y. Filella, K. Jatczak, F. Måge, A. Mestre, Ø. Nordli, J. Peñuelas, P. Pirinen, V. Remi?ová, H. Scheifinger, M. Striz, A. Susnik, A. VanVliet, F.-E. Wielgolaski, S. Zach and A. Zust, 2006a: European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1969-1976. [JoC, ARC]

Menzel, A., T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella and D.B. Roy, 2006b: Altered geographic and temporal variability in phenology in response to climate change. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 15, 498-504. [ARC]

Menzel, L. and G. Bürger, 2002: Climate change scenarios and runoff response in the Mulde catchment (Southern Elbe, Germany). J. Hydrol., 267, 53-64. Clean

Mercer, J.B., 2003: Cold - an underrated risk factor for health. Environ. Res., 92, 8-13. Clean

Metzger, M.J., R. Leemans, D. Schröter, W. Cramer and the ATEAM consortium, 2004: The ATEAM Vulnerability Mapping Tool. Quantitative Approaches in System Analysis No. 27. Wageningen, C.T. de Witt Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation, Wageningen, CD ROM. [NPR, ARC]

Metzger, M.J., M.D.A. Rounsevell, L. Acosta-Michlik, R. Leemans and D. Schröter, 2006: The vulnerability of ecosystem services to land use change. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 114, 69–85. [ARC]

Michelozzi, P., F. de’Donato, L. Bisanti, A. Russo, E. Cadum, M. DeMaria, M. D’Ovidio, G. Costa and C.A. Perucci, 2005: The impact of the summer 2003 heatwaves on mortality in four Italian cities. Euro Surveill., 10, 161-165. Clean

Middelkoop, H. and J.C.J. Kwadijk, 2001: Towards an integrated assessment of the implications of global change for water management – the Rhine experience. Phys. Chem. Earth, Part B Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 26, 553-560. Clean

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Zvereva, E.L. and M.V. Kozlov, 2006: Consequences of simultaneous elevation of carbon dioxide and temperature for plant–herbivore interactions: a metaanalysis. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 27-41.[JoC, MoS]

NOTE: In the Summary of Reviewer Comments,
Accepted includes only those responses that were unambiguously Accepted.
There are other categories of responses that we have not yet quantified
due to inconsistencies of usage.

Summary of Reviewer Comments - Second Order Draft

Reviewer	Total Comments	Accepted	IPCC Roles	Papers
Government of Finland	87	8	0	0
Hanson, CE	67	6	1	2
Kjellstrom, E	48	3	0	5
Government of Germany	41	2	0	0
Union, European	40	1	0	0
Colacino, Michele	33	5	0	0
Kirilenko, AP	33	3	1	2
Posch, M	28	1	0	2
Harrison, PA	27	2	0	10
Livermore, MTJ	25	4	0	10
Goodess, CM	23	2	0	2
Mares, Ileana	19	1	0	0
Haylock, MR	19	1	0	6
Government of Sweden	16	0	0	0
Viner, D	16	2	1	11
Kattsov, VM	15	4	0	4
Wood, RA	12	2	0	9
Government of UK	12	0	0	0
Lancho, JF	11	0	0	0
Government of Norway	11	0	0	0
Government of France	11	0	0	0
Government of Spain	10	1	0	0
Golub, Alexander	10	0	0	0
Barring, L	9	0	0	6
Morecroft, Michael	8	2	0	0
Halenka, Tomas	7	1	0	0
Smith, DS	7	0	0	1
Government of Czech Republic	7	0	0	0
Anadon, R	7	0	0	2
Walther, Gian-Reto	6	2	0	0
Berry, PM	6	0	0	8
Porter, John	6	0	0	0
Sarafidis, Yannis	6	0	0	0
Schroeter, D	5	0	0	3
Hare, W	5	1	0	2
Insarov, Gregory	5	1	0	0
Sensoy, Serhat	5	0	0	0
Crick, Humphrey	5	0	0	0
Petriccione, B	4	1	0	1
Molau, U	4	0	0	2
Lapin, Milan	4	1	0	0
Pauli, H	4	2	0	8
Jendritzky, G	4	0	0	5
Santos, FD	3	0	0	1
Government of Australia	3	0	0	0
Government of Ireland	3	0	0	0
Scott, DJ	3	0	1	23
Richter, GM	3	0	0	2
Ceron, JP	3	0	1	3
Government of Netherlands	2	0	0	0
Bergstrom, S	1	0	0	5
Hansen, LJ	1	0	0	4
Government of Poland	1	0	0	0
Totals	751	59	5	139

Overview of Reviewer Comments - Second Order Draft

Reviewer Type	Total Comments	Accepted	% Accepted
Govt	204	11	5%
IPCC	382	34	8%
Indep	165	14	8%
Total	751	59	7%

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