With the exception of Chapter and Section headings, all coloured text has been inserted by AccessIPCC. The non-coloured text is the IPCC original.

A number of emails from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia were published on the Internet in November 2009. This has provided a window into the world of climate science.

We have identified a number of key individuals involved in the emails whom we have designated as Persons of Concern [PoC]; a Journal in which a PoC has published has been designated as a Journal of Concern [JoC].

This is not to suggest that we believe such papers are necessarily flawed, but rather that, as Joseph Alcamo noted at Bali in October 2009, "as policymakers and the public begin to grasp the multi-billion dollar price tag for mitigating and adapting to climate change, we should expect a sharper questioning of the science behind climate policy".

References occur in a list at the end of each chapter. Citations are within the normal text of sections and paragraphs.

Definition of Tags Used

Tag	Explanation	Where Used	References	Citations
PoC	Person of Concern Key individual involved in CRU emails as defined in this spreadsheet. NOTE: we anticipate that this definition will be expanded as more data is coded.	References, Citations, IPCC Roles	1	-
JoC	Journal of Concern A Journal which has published articles by one or more PoCs (Person of Concern)	References, Citations	48	54
MoS	Model or Simulation Reference appears to be a model or simulation, not observation or experiment	References, Citations	54	57
NPR	Non Peer Reviewed Reference has no Journal or no Volume or no Pages or it has Editors.	References, Citations	141	130
SRC	Self Reference Concern Author of a chapter containing references to own work.	References, Citations, IPCC Roles	59	68
ARC	Paper authored or co-authored by person who is also in list of Authors of another chapter.	References, Citations	43	44
2007	Paper dated 2007, when IPCC policy stated cutoff was December 2005 with mid-February 2006 for exceptions.	References, Citations	9	8
Ambiguous	The short inline citation matched with more than one reference; however, AccessIPCC will link to the first reference found.	Citations	-	15
NotFound	The short inline citation was not matched with any reference. Believed to be caused by typing errors.	Citations	-	2
Clean	The reference was probably peer reviewed. The reference was dated before the cutoff (2005-2006). Its authors were not members of the Team. It was not published in a Journal of Concern. Its authors were not AR4 Authors.	References, Citations	289	314

Chapter Table of Contents

Title	Clean	Tagged	NotFound	Ambiguous
Chapter 8: Human Health	-	-	-	-
8.1 Introduction	-	1	-	-
8.1.1 State of health in the world	3	10	-	1
8.1.2 Findings from the Third Assessment Report	-	1	-	-
8.1.3 Key developments since the Third Assessment Report	-	2	-	1
8.1.4 Methods used and gaps in knowledge	-	-	-	-
8.2 Current sensitivity and vulnerability	-	-	-	-
8.2.1 Heat and cold health effects	-	-	-	-
8.2.1.1 Heatwaves	21	12	-	-
8.2.1.2 Cold-waves	8	3	-	1
8.2.1.3 Estimates of heat and cold effects	5	4	-	-
8.2.10 Ultraviolet radiation and health	4	3	-	-
8.2.2 Wind, storms and floods	43	19	1	-
8.2.3 Drought, nutrition and food security	7	5	-	-
8.2.3.1 Drought and infectious disease	6	4	-	-
8.2.4 Food safety	13	4	-	1
8.2.5 Water and disease	14	17	-	-
8.2.6 Air quality and disease	6	3	-	-
8.2.6.1 Ground-level ozone	12	-	-	-
8.2.6.2 Effects of weather on concentrations of other air pollutants	11	3	-	-
8.2.6.3 Air pollutants from forest fires	18	2	-	-
8.2.6.4 Long-range transport of air pollutants	16	3	-	-
8.2.7 Aeroallergens and disease	13	9	-	-
8.2.8 Vector-borne, rodent-borne and other infectious diseases	25	12	-	-
8.2.8.1 Dengue	10	6	-	-
8.2.8.2 Malaria	15	10	-	-
8.2.8.3 Other infectious diseases	10	5	-	-
8.2.9 Occupational health	9	5	-	-
8.3 Assumptions about future trends	-	-	-	-
8.3.1 Health in scenarios	2	8	-	1
8.3.2 Future vulnerability to climate change	3	10	1	-
8.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities	-	-	-	-
8.4.1 Projections of climate-change-related health impacts	1	4	-	-
8.4.1.1 Global burden of disease study	1	4	-	3
8.4.1.2 Malaria, dengue and other infectious diseases	3	11	-	1
8.4.1.3 Heat- and cold-related mortality	-	2	-	-
8.4.1.4 Urban air quality	6	18	-	-
8.4.2 Vulnerable populations and regions	-	3	-	-
8.4.2.1 Vulnerable urban populations	3	7	-	-
8.4.2.2 Vulnerable rural populations	1	2	-	-
8.4.2.3 Food insecurity	-	2	-	-
8.4.2.4 Populations in coastal and low-lying areas	1	6	-	-
8.4.2.5 Populations in mountain regions	-	2	-	-
8.4.2.6 Populations in polar regions	5	3	-	-
8.5 Costs	5	10	-	3
8.6 Adaptation: practices, options and constraints	-	3	-	1
8.6.1 Approaches at different scales	-	-	-	-
8.6.1.1 National- and regional-level responses	1	9	-	-
8.6.1.2 Responses by international organisations and agencies	-	2	-	-
8.6.1.3 Individual-level responses	6	4	-	-
8.6.1.4 Adaptation in health systems	-	-	-	-
8.6.2 Integration of responses across scales	-	1	-	-
8.6.3 Limits to adaptation	-	3	-	-
8.6.4 Health implications of adaptation strategies, policies and measures	3	2	-	-
8.7 Conclusions: implications for sustainable development	2	-	-	-
8.7.1 Health and climate protection: clean energy	2	7	-	-
8.8 Key uncertainties and research priorities	-	-	-	2
Number of citations of various credibilities	314	266	2	15
Percentages of citations of various credibilities	52.6%	44.6%	0.3%	2.5%

Executive summary

Climate change currently contributes to the global burden of disease and premature deaths (very high confidence).

Human beings are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy. At this early stage the effects are small but are projected to progressively increase in all countries and regions. [ 8.4.1 ]

Emerging evidence of climate change effects on human health shows that climate change has:

• altered the distribution of some infectious disease vectors (medium confidence) [ 8.2.8 ];
• altered the seasonal distribution of some allergenic pollen species (high confidence) [ 8.2.7 ];
• increased heatwave-related deaths (medium confidence) [ 8.2.1 ].

Projected trends in climate-change-related exposures of importance to human health will:

• increase malnutrition and consequent disorders, including those relating to child growth and development (high confidence) [ 8.2.3 , 8.4.1 ];
• increase the number of people suffering from death, disease and injury from heatwaves, floods, storms, fires and droughts (high confidence) [ 8.2.2 , 8.4.1 ];
• continue to change the range of some infectious disease vectors (high confidence) [ 8.2 , 8.4 ];
• have mixed effects on malaria; in some places the geographical range will contract, elsewhere the geographical range will expand and the transmission season may be changed (very high confidence) [ 8.4.1.2 ];
• increase the burden of diarrhoeal diseases (medium confidence) [ 8.2 , 8.4 ];
• increase cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone (high confidence) [ 8.2.6 , 8.4.1.4 ];
• increase the number of people at risk of dengue (low confidence) [ 8.2.8 , 8.4.1 ];
• bring some benefits to health, including fewer deaths from cold, although it is expected that these will be outweighed by the negative effects of rising temperatures worldwide, especially in developing countries (high confidence) [ 8.2.1 , 8.4.1 ].

Adaptive capacity needs to be improved everywhere; impacts of recent hurricanes and heatwaves show that even high-income countries are not well prepared to cope with extreme weather events (high confidence). [ 8.2.1 , 8.2.2 ]

Adverse health impacts will be greatest in low-income countries. Those at greater risk include, in all countries, the urban poor, the elderly and children, traditional societies, subsistence farmers, and coastal populations (high confidence). [ 8.1.1 , 8.4.2 , 8.6.1.3 , 8.7 ]

Economic development is an important component of adaptation, but on its own will not insulate the world’s population from disease and injury due to climate change (very high confidence).

Critically important will be the manner in which economic growth occurs, the distribution of the benefits of growth, and factors that directly shape the health of populations, such as education, health care, and public-health infrastructure. [ 8.3.2 ]

8.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the observed and projected health impacts of climate change, current and future populations at risk, and the strategies, policies and measures that have been and can be taken to reduce impacts. The chapter reviews the knowledge that has emerged since the Third Assessment Report (TAR) ( McMichael et al., 2001 [NPR, SRC] ). Published research continues to focus on effects in high-income countries, and there remain important gaps in information for the more vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries.

8.2 Current sensitivity and vulnerability

Systematic reviews of empirical studies provide the best evidence for the relationship between health and weather or climate factors, but such formal reviews are rare. In this section, we assess the current state of knowledge of the associations between weather/climate factors and health outcome(s) for the population(s) concerned, either directly or through multiple pathways, as outlined in Figure 8.1 . The figure shows not only the pathways by which health can be affected by climate change, but also shows the concurrent direct-acting and modifying (conditioning) influences of environmental, social and health-system factors.

Published evidence so far indicates that:

• climate change is affecting the seasonality of some allergenic species (see Chapter 1 ) as well as the seasonal activity and distribution of some disease vectors (see Section 8.2.8 );
• climate plays an important role in the seasonal pattern or temporal distribution of malaria, dengue, tick-borne diseases, cholera and some other diarrhoeal diseases (see Sections 8.2.5 and 8.2.8 );
• heatwaves and flooding can have severe and long-lasting effects.

8.3 Assumptions about future trends

The impacts of developmental, climatic and environmental scenarios on population health are important for health-system planning processes. Also, future trends in health are relevant to climate change because the health of populations is an important element of adaptive capacity.

8.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities

The impacts of climate change have been projected for a limited range of health determinants and outcomes for which the epidemiologic evidence base is well developed. The studies reviewed in Section 8.4.1 used quantitative and qualitative approaches to project the incidence and geographical range of health outcomes under different climate and socio-economic scenarios. Section 8.4.2 assesses the possible consequences of climate-change-related health impacts on particularly vulnerable populations and regions in the next few decades

Overall, climate change is projected to have some health benefits, including reduced cold-related mortality, reductions in some pollutant-related mortality, and restricted distribution of diseases where temperatures or rainfall exceed upper thresholds for vectors or parasites. However, the balance of impacts will be overwhelmingly negative (see Section 8.7 ). Most projections suggest modest changes in the burden of climate-sensitive health outcomes over the next few decades, with larger increases beginning mid-century. The balance of positive and negative health impacts will vary from one location to another and will alter over time as temperatures continue to rise.

8.5 Costs

Studies focusing on the welfare costs (and benefits) of climate-change impacts aggregate the ‘damage’ costs of climate change ( (Tol, 1995, ) 1996, 2002a, b; Fankhauser and Tol, 1997 [ARC] ; Fankhauser et al., 1997 [Ambiguous] ) or estimate the costs and benefits of measures to reduce climate change ( (Nordhaus, 1991; ) Cline, 1992 [NPR] , 2004; Nordhaus and Boyer, 2000 [NPR, MoS] ). The global economic value of loss of life due to climate change ranges between around US$6 billion and US$88 billion, in 1990 dollar prices ( (Tol, 1995, ) 1996, 2002a, b; Fankhauser and Tol, 1997 [ARC] ; Fankhauser et al., 1997 [Ambiguous] ). The economic methods for estimating welfare costs (and benefits) have several shortcomings; the studies include only a limited number of health outcomes, generally heat- and cold-related mortality and malaria. Some assessments of the direct costs of health impacts at the national level have been undertaken, but the evidence base for estimating the health effects is relatively weak ( IGCI, 2000 [NPR] ; Turpie et al., 2002 [NPR, ARC] ; Woodruff et al., 2005 [NPR, ARC] ). Where they have been estimated, the welfare costs of health impacts contribute substantially to the total costs of climate change ( Cline, 1992 [NPR] ; Tol, 2002a [MoS] ). Given the importance of these types of assessments, further research is needed.

Mortality attributable to climate change is projected to be greatest in low-income countries, where economists traditionally assign a lower value to life ( (van der Pligt et al., 1998; ) ( Hammitt and Graham, 1999; ) Viscusi and Aldy, 2003 [MoS] ). Some estimates suggest that replacing national values with a ‘global average value’ would increase the mortality costs by as much as five times ( Fankhauser et al., 1997 [Ambiguous] ). Climate change is also likely to have important direct effects on productivity via exposure of workers to heat stress (see Section 8.2.9 ). Estimates of economic impacts via changes in productivity ignore important health impacts in children and the elderly. Further research is needed to estimate productivity costs.

8.6 Adaptation: practices, options and constraints

Adaptation is needed now in order to reduce current vulnerability to the climate change that has already occurred and additional adaptation is needed in order to address the health risks projected to occur over the coming decades. Current levels of vulnerability are partly a function of the programmes and measures in place to reduce burdens of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes, and partly a result of the success of traditional public-health activities, including providing access to safe water and improved sanitation to reduce diarrhoeal diseases, and implementing surveillance programmes to identify and respond to outbreaks of malaria and other infectious diseases. Weak public-health systems and limited access to primary health care contribute to high levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity for hundreds of millions of people.

Current national and international programmes and measures that aim to reduce the burdens of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes may need to be revised, reoriented and, in some regions, expanded to address the additional pressures of climate change. The degree to which programmes will need to be augmented will depend on factors such as the current burden of climate-sensitive health outcomes, the effectiveness of current interventions, projections of where, when and how the burden could change with changes in climate and climate variability, access to the human and financial resources needed to implement activities, stressors that could increase or decrease resilience to impacts, and the social, economic and political context within which interventions are implemented ( Yohe and Ebi, 2005 [NPR, SRC] ; Ebi et al., 2006a [NPR, SRC] ). Some recent programmes and measures implemented to address climate variability and change are highlighted in the examples that follow.

The planning horizon of public-health decision-makers is short relative to the projected impacts of climate change, which will require modification of current risk-management approaches that focus only on short-term risks ( Ebi et al., 2006b [SRC] ). A two-tiered approach may be needed, with modifications to incorporate current climate change concerns into ongoing programmes and measures, along with regular evaluations to determine a programme’s likely effectiveness to cope with projected climate risks. For example, epidemic malaria is a public-health problem in most areas in Africa, with programmes in place to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these epidemics. Some projections suggest that climate change may facilitate the spread of malaria further up some highland areas (see Section 8.4.1.2 ). Therefore, programmes should not only continue their current focus, but should also consider where and when to implement additional surveillance to identify and prevent epidemics if the Anopheles vector changes its range.

How public health and other infrastructure will develop is a key uncertainty (see Section 8.3 ) that is not determined by GDP per capita alone. Public awareness, effective use of local resources, appropriate governance arrangements and community participation are necessary to mobilise and prepare for climate change ( McMichael, 2004 [Ambiguous] ). These present particular challenges in low-income countries. Furthermore, the status of and trends in other sectors affect public health, particularly water quantity, quality and sanitation (see Chapter 3 ), food quality and quantity (see Chapter 5 ), the urban environment (see Chapter 7 ), and ecosystems (see Chapter 4 ). These sectors will also be affected by climate change, creating feedback loops that can increase or decrease population vulnerability, particularly in low-income countries ( Figure 8.1 ).

8.7 Conclusions: implications for sustainable development

Evidence has grown that climate change already contributes to the global burden of disease and premature deaths. Climate change plays an important role in the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria, dengue, tick-borne diseases, cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases; is affecting the seasonal distribution and concentrations of some allergenic pollen species; and has increased heat-related mortality. The effects are unequally distributed, and are particularly severe in countries with already high disease burdens, such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

The projected health impacts of climate change are predominately negative, with the most severe impacts being seen in low-income countries, where the capacity to adapt is weakest. Vulnerable groups in developed countries will also be affected ( (Haines et al., 2006 ) ). Projected increases in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns can increase malnutrition; disease and injury due to heatwaves, floods, storms, fires and droughts; diarrhoeal illness; and the frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone. There are expected to be some benefits to health, including fewer deaths due to exposure to the cold and reductions in climate suitability for vector-borne diseases in some regions. Figure 8.3 summarises the relative direction and magnitude of projected health impacts, taking into account the likely numbers of people at risk and potential adaptive capacity.

Health is central to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and to sustainable development, both directly (in the case of child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases) and indirectly (ill-health contributes to extreme poverty, hunger and lower educational achievements) ( (Haines and Cassels, 2004 ) ). Rapid and intense climate change is likely to delay progress towards achieving development targets in some regions. Recent events demonstrate that populations and health systems may be unable to cope with increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme events. These events can reduce the resilience of communities, affect vulnerable regions and localities, and overwhelm the coping capacities of most societies.

There is a need to develop and implement adaptation strategies, policies and measures at different levels and scales. Current national and international programmes and measures that aim to reduce the burdens of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes may need to be revised, reoriented and, in some regions, expanded to address the additional pressures of climate change. This includes the consideration of climate-change-related risks in disease monitoring and surveillance systems, health system planning, and preparedness. Many of the health outcomes are mediated through changes in the environment. Measures implemented in the water, agriculture, food, and construction sectors should be designed to benefit human health. However, adaptation is not enough.

8.8 Key uncertainties and research priorities

More empirical epidemiological research on the observed health effects of climate change have been published since the TAR, and the few national health impact assessments that have been conducted have provided valuable information on population vulnerability. However, the lack of appropriate longitudinal health data makes attribution of adverse health outcomes to observed climate trends difficult. Further, most studies have focused on middle- and high-income countries. Gaps in information persist on trends in climate, health and environment in low-income countries, where data are limited and other health priorities take precedence for research and policy development. Climate-change-related health impact assessments in low- and middle-income countries will be instrumental in guiding adaptation projects and investments.

Advances have been made in the development of climate–health impact models that project the health effects of climate change under a range of climate and socio-economic scenarios. The models are still limited to a few infectious diseases, thermal extremes and air pollution. Considerable uncertainties surround the projections, including uncertainty about how population health is likely to evolve based on changes in the level of commitment to preventing avoidable ill-health, technological developments, economic growth and other factors; the rate and intensity of future climate change; uncertainty about how the climate–health relationship might change over time; and uncertainty about the extent, rate, limiting forces and major drivers of adaptation ( McMichael et al., 2004 [Ambiguous] ). Uncertainties include not just whether the key health outcomes described in this chapter will improve, but how fast, where, when, at what cost, and whether all population groups will be able to share in these developments. Significant advances will occur by improving social and economic development, governance and resources. It is apparent that these problems will only be solved over time-frames longer than decades.

Considerable uncertainty will remain about projected climate change at geographical and temporal scales of relevance to decision-makers, increasing the importance of risk management approaches to climate risks. However, no matter what the degree of preparedness is, projections suggest that some future extreme events will be catastrophic because of the unexpected intensity of the event and the underlying vulnerability of the affected population. The European heatwave in 2003 and Hurricane Katrina are examples. The consequences of particularly severe extreme events will be greater in low-income countries. A better understanding is needed of the factors that convey vulnerability and, more importantly, the changes that need to be made in health care, emergency services, land use, urban design and settlement patterns to protect populations against heatwaves, floods, and storms.

Key research priorities include addressing the major challenges for research on climate change and health in the following ways.

• Development of methods to quantify the current impacts of climate and weather on a range of health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
• Development of health-impacts models for projecting climate-change-related impacts under different climate and socio-economic scenarios.
• Investigations on the costs of the projected health impacts of climate change; effectiveness of adaptation; and the limiting forces, major drivers and costs of adaptation.

Low-income countries face additional challenges, including limited capacity to identify key issues, collect and analyse data, and design, implement and monitor adaptation options. There is a need to strengthen institutions and mechanisms that can more systematically promote interactions among researchers, policy-makers and other stakeholders to facilitate the appropriate incorporation of research findings into policy decisions in order to protect population health no matter what the climate brings ( Haines et al., 2004 [Ambiguous] ).

References

Abeku, T., G. van Oortmarssen, G. Borsboom, S. de Vlas and J. Habbema, 2003: Spatial and temporal variations of malaria epidemic risk in Ethiopia: factors involved and implications. Acta Trop., 87, 331-340. [SRC]

Abeku, T.A., S.I. Hay, S. Ochola, P. Langi, B. Beard, S.J. de Vlas and J. Cox, 2004: Malaria epidemic early warning and detection in African highlands. Trends Parasitol., 20, 400-4005. [SRC]

ACIA, 2005: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1042 pp. [NPR]

Adelakun, A., E. Schwartz and L. Blais, 1999: Occupational heat exposure. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 14, 153-154. Clean

Adger, W., T. Hughes, C. Folke, S. Carpenter and J. Rockstrom, 2005: Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309, 1036-1039. [JoC, ARC]

Afanas’eva, R.F., N.A. Bessonova, M.A. Babaian, N.V. Lebedeva, T.K. Losik and V.V. Subbotin, 1997: Kobosnovaniiu reglamentatsii termicheskoi nagruzki sredy na rabotaiushchikh v nagrevaiushchem mikroklimate (na primere staleplavil’nogo proizvodstva) [Substantiation of the regulation of environmental heat load for workers exposed to heating microclimate (for example, steel smelting)] (in Russian). Med. Tr. Prom. Ekol., 30-34. [NPR]

Afonso, M.O., L. Campino, S. Cortes and C. Alves-Pires, 2005: The phlebotomine sandflies of Portugal. XIII. Occurrence of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917 in the Arrabida leishmaniasis focus. Parasite, 12, 69-72. Clean

Ahasan, M.R., G. Mohiuddin, S. Vayrynen, H. Ironkannas and R. Quddus, 1999: Work-related problems in metal handling tasks in Bangladesh: obstacles to the development of safety and health measures. Ergonomics, 42, 385-396. Clean

Ahern, M.J., R.S. Kovats, P. Wilkinson, R. Few and F. Matthies, 2005: Global health impacts of floods: epidemiological evidence. Epidemiol. Rev., 27, 36-45. Clean

Akhtar, R., 2002: Urban Health in the Third World. APH Publications, New Delhi, 454 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Akhtar, R., A. Dutt and V. Wadhwa, 2002: Health planning and the resurgence of malaria in urban India. Urban Health in the Third World, R. Akhtar, Ed., AHP Publications, New Delhi, 65-92. [NPR, SRC]

Alvarez, E., F. de Pablo, C. Tomas and L. Rivas, 2000: Spatial and temporal variability of ground-level ozone in Castilla-Leon (Spain). Int. J. Biometeorol., 44, 44-51. Clean

Anand, S. and T. Barnighausen, 2004: Human resources and health outcomes: cross-country econometric study. Lancet, 364, 1603-1609. Clean

Anderson, H.R., R.G. Derwent and J. Stedman, 2001: Air pollution and climate change. Health Effects of Climate Change in the UK. Department of Health, London, 193-217. [NPR]

Anderson, K. and G. Manuel, 1994: Gender differences in reported stress response to the Loma Prieta earthquake. Sex Roles, 30, 9-10. Clean

Ando, M., S. Yamamato and S. Asanuma, 2004: Global warming and heatstroke. Japan. J. Biometeorol., 41, 45. Clean

Ansmann, A., J. Bosenberg, A. Chaikovsky, A. Comeron, S. Eckhardt, R. Eixmann, V. Freudenthaler, P. Ginoux, L. Komguem, H. Linne, M.A.L. Marquez, V. Matthias, I. Mattis, V. Mitev, D. Muller, S. Music, S. Nickovic, J. Pelon, L. Sauvage, P. Sobolewsky, M.K. Srivastava, A. Stohl, O. Torres, G. Vaughan, U. Wandinger and M. Wiegner, 2003: Long-range transport of Saharan dust to northern Europe: the 11–16 October 2001 outbreak observed with EARLINET. J. Geophys. Res. D, 108, 4783. Clean

Aramini, J., M. McLean, J. Wilson, B. Allen, W. Sears and J. Holt, 2000: Drinking Water Quality and Health Care Utilization for Gastrointestinal Illness in Greater Vancouver. Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Foodborne, Waterborne and Zoonotic Infections Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, 79 pp. [NPR]

Aransay, A.M., J.M. Testa, F. Morillas-Marquez, J. Lucientes and P.D. Ready, 2004: Distribution of sandfly species in relation to canine leishmaniasis from the Ebro Valley to Valencia, northeastern Spain. Parasitol. Res., 94, 416-420. Clean

Ariyabandu, M. and M. Wickramasinghe, 2003: Gender Dimensions in Disaster Management: A Guide for South Asia. ITGD South Asia, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 176 pp. [NPR]

Armstrong, B., P. Mangtani, A. Fletcher, R.S. Kovats, A.J. McMichael, S. Pattenden and P. Wilkinson, 2004: Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people. Brit. Med. J., 329, 660-663. [SRC]

Arnell, N.W., M.T. Livermore, R.S. Kovats, P. Levy, R.J. Nicholls, M.L. Parry and S.R. Gaffin, 2004: Climate and socio-economic scenarios for global-scale climate change impacts assessments: characterising the SRES storylines. Global Environ. Chang., 14, 3-20. [JoC, ARC]

Asero, R., 2002: Birch and ragweed pollinosis north of Milan: a model to investigate the effects of exposure to “new“ airborne allergens. Allergy, 57, 1063-1066. [MoS]

Assanarigkornchai, S., S.N. Tangboonngam and J.G. Edwards, 2004: The flooding of Hat Yai: predictors of adverse emotional responses to a natural disaster. Stress Health, 20, 81-89. [MoS]

Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, 2000: Primera comunicacion nacional sobre cambio climatico, Panama 2000 [First National Communication on Climate Change Panama 2000]. ANAM, Panama, 136 pp. http://unfccc.int/resource/?docs/natc/pannc1/index.html. [NPR]

Aziz, K.M.A., B.A. Hoque, S. Huttly, K.M. Minnatullah, Z. Hasan, M.K. Patwary, M.M. Rahaman and S. Cairncross, 1990: Water supply, sanitation and hygiene education: Report of a health impact study in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. Water and Sanitation Report Series, No. 1, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, 99 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Barbraud, C. and H. Weimerskirch, 2001: Emperor penguins and climate change. Nature, 411, 183-186. [JoC]

Barker, I.K. and L.R. Lindsay, 2000: Lyme borreliosis in Ontario: determining the risks. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 162, 1573-1574. Clean

Barker, T., L. Srivastava and B. Metz, 2001: Sector costs and ancillary benefits of mitigation. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, B. Metz, O. Davidson, R. Swart and J. Pan, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 561-600. [NPR]

Barker, T., I. Bashmakov, A. Alharthi, M. Amann, L. Cifuentes, J. Drexhage, M. Duan, O. Edenhofer, B. Flannery, M. Grubb, M. Hoogwijk, F.I. Ibitoye, C.J. Jepma, W.A. Pizer and K. Yamaji, 2007: Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, B. Metz, O. Davidson , P. Bosch, R. Dave and L. Meyer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. [NPR, ARC, 2007]

Barnett, T.P., J.C. Adam and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2005: Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature, 438, 303-309. [JoC]

Barrett, R., C. Kuzawa, T. McDade and G. Armelagos, 1998: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: the third epidemiologic transition. Annu. Rev. Anthropol., 27, 247-271. Clean

Basu, R. and J.M. Samet, 2002: Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol. Rev., 24, 190-202. Clean

Bates, D.V., 2005: Ambient ozone and mortality. Epidemiology, 16, 427-429. Clean

Bavia, M.E., L.F. Hale, J.B. Malone, D.H. Braud and S.M. Shane, 1999: Geographic information systems and the environmental risk of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 60, 566-572. Clean

Bavia, M.E., J.B. Malone, L. Hale, A. Dantas, L. Marroni and R. Reis, 2001: Use of thermal and vegetation index data from earth observing satellites to evaluate the risk of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil. Acta Trop., 79, 79-85. Clean

Bayard, V., E. Ortega, A. Garcia, L. Caceres, Z. Castillo, E. Quiroz, B. Armien, F. Gracia, J. Serrano, G. Guerrero, R. Kant, E. Pinifla, L. Bravo, C. Munoz, I.B. de Mosca, A. Rodriguez, C. Campos, M.A. Diaz, B. Munoz, F. Crespo, I. Villalaz, P. Rios, E. Morales, J.M.T. Sitton, L. Reneau-Vernon, M. Libel, L. Castellanos, L. Ruedas, D. Tinnin and T. Yates, 2000: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: Panama, 1999–2000 [Reprinted from MMWR, 49, 205-207, 2000]. JAMA–J. Am. Med. Assoc., 283, 2232. Clean

BCAS/RA/Approtech, 1994: Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise: concepts and tools for calculating risk in integrated coastal zone management. Technical Report, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS), Dhaka, 80 pp. [NPR]

Becht, M.C., M.A.L. van Tilburg, A.J.J.M. Vingerhoets, I. Nyklicek, J. de Vries, C. Kirschbaum, M.H. Antoni and G.L. van Heck, 1998: Watersnood: een verkennend onderzoek naar de gevolgen voor het welbevinden en de gezondheid van volwassenen en kinderen [Flood: a pilot study on the consequences for well-being and health of adults and children]. Tijdsch. Psychiat., 40, 277-289. Clean

Beggs, P.J., 2004: Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 34, 1507-1513. [MoS, SRC]

Beggs, P.J., 2005: Admission to hospital for sunburn and drug phototoxic and photoallergic responses, New South Wales, 1993–94 to 2000–01. N.S.W. Public Health Bull., 16, 147-150. [SRC]

Beggs, P.J. and H.J. Bambrick, 2005: Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change? Environ. Health Persp., 113, 915-919. [SRC]

Bell, M.L., F. Dominici and J.M. Samet, 2005: A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Epidemiology, 16, 436-445. Clean

Bell, M.L., R.D. Peng and F. Dominici, 2006: The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations. Environ. Health Persp., 114, 532-536. Clean

Bell, M.L., R. Goldberg, C. Hogrefe, P.L. Kinney, K. Knowlton, B. Lynn, J. Rosenthal, C. Rosenzweig and J.A. Patz, 2007: Climate change, ambient ozone, and health in 50 US cities. Climatic Change, 82, 61-76. [JoC, ARC, 2007]

Benitez, T.A., A. Rodriquez and M. Sojo, 2004: Descripcion de un brote epidemico de malaria de altura en un areas originalmente sin malaria del Estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Bol. Malariol. Salud Amb., XLIV, 999. Clean

Bennett, C.M., I.G. McKendry, S. Kelly, K. Denike and T. Koch, 2006: Impact of the 1998 Gobi dust event on hospital admissions in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Sci. Total Environ., 366, 918-925. Clean

Bergin, M.S., J.J. West, T.J. Keating and A.G. Russell, 2005: Regional atmospheric pollution and transboundary air quality management. Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 30, 1-37. Clean

Berner, J. and C. Furgal, 2005: Human health. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 863-906. [NPR, SRC]

Bhattacharya, S., C. Sharma, R.C. Dhiman and A.P. Mitra, 2006: Climate change and malaria in India. Curr. Sci., 90, 369-375. Clean

Blaikie, P., T. Cannon, I. Davis and B. Wisner, 1994: At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters, 2nd ed., Routledge, New York, 320 pp. [NPR]

Bokszczanin, A., 2000: Psychologiczne konsekwencje powodzi u dzieci i mlodziezy [Psychological consequences of floods in children and youth]. Psychol. Wychowawcza, 43, 172-181. Clean

Bokszczanin, A., 2002: Long-term negative psychological effects of a flood on adolescents. Polish Psychol. Bull., 33, 55-61. Clean

Booth, S. and D. Zeller, 2005: Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health. Environ. Health Persp., 113, 521-526. Clean

Both, C. and M.E. Visser, 2005: The effect of climate change on the correlation between avian life-history traits. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1606-1613. [JoC]

Bouma, M. and C. Dye, 1997: Cycles of malaria associated with El Niño in Venezuela. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 278, 1772-1774. Clean

Bouma, M.J., 2003: Methodological problems and amendments to demonstrate effects of temperature on the epidemiology of malaria: a new perspective on the highland epidemics in Madagascar, 1972–1989. T. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. H., 97, 133-139. Clean

Bouma, M.J. and M. Pascual, 2001: Seasonal and interannual cycles of endemic cholera in Bengal 1891–1940 in relation to climate and geography. Hydrobiologia, 460, 147-156. Clean

Bowman, D.M.J.S. and F.H. Johnston, 2005: Wildfire smoke, fire management, and human health. EcoHealth, 2, 76-80. Clean

Bradley, M., S.J. Kutz, E. Jenkins and T.M. O’Hara, 2005: The potential impact of climate change on infectious diseases of Arctic fauna. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 64, 468-477. Clean

Bradshaw, W.E. and C.M. Holzapfel, 2001: Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 14509-14511. [JoC]

Braga, A., A. Zanobetti and J. Schwartz, 2002: The effect of weather on respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in 12 US cities. Environ. Health Persp., 110, 859-863. Clean

Bresser, A., 2006: The Effect of Climate Change in the Netherlands. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, MNP, Bilthoven, 112 pp. [NPR]

Brewer, T.F. and S.J. Heymann, 2004: The long journey to health equity. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 292, 269-271. Clean

Briceño, S., 2002: Gender mainstreaming in disaster reduction. Commission on the Status of Women. Panel presentation. Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. United Nations, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva, 12 pp. [NPR]

Broman, T., H. Palmgren, S. Bergstrom, M. Sellin, J. Waldenstrom, M.L. Danielsson-Tham and B. Olsen, 2002: Campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus): prevalence, genotypes, and influence on C. jejuni epidemiology. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40, 4594-4602. Clean

Brommer, J.E., 2004: The range margins of northern birds shift polewards. Ann. Zool. Fenn., 41, 391-397. Clean

Bruce, N., R. Perez-Padilla and R. Albalak, 2000: Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. B. World Health Organ., 78, 1097-1092. Clean

Buchanan, C.M., I.J. Beverland and M.R. Heal, 2002: The influence of weather-type and long-range transport on airborne particle concentrations in Edinburgh, UK. Atmos. Environ., 36, 5343-5354. Clean

Buechler, S.J. and C.A. Scott, 2000: For Us, This is Life: Irrigating under Adverse Conditions. IWMI Latin American Series No. 20. International Water Management Institution, Bierstalpad. [NPR]

Burkett, V.R., D.B. Zilkoski and D.A. Hart, 2003: Sea level rise and subsidence: implications for flooding in New Orleans. U.S. Geological Survey Subsidence Interest Group Conference, Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Galveston, Texas, November 27–29, 2001, 63-70. [NPR, ARC]

Burr, M.L., J.C. Emberlin, R. Treu, S. Cheng and N.E. Pearce, 2003: Pollen counts in relation to the prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma and atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Clin. Exp. Allergy, 33, 1675-1680. Clean

Butt, T., B. McCarl, J. Angerer, P. Dyke and J. Stuth, 2005: The economic and flood security implications of climate change in Mali. Climatic Change, 68, 355-378. [JoC]

Cairncross, S. and M. Alvarinho, 2006: The Mozambique floods of 2000: health impact and response. Flood Hazards and Health: Responding to Present and Future Risks, R. Few and F. Matthies, Eds., Earthscan, London, 111-127. [NPR, MoS, ARC]

Calheiros, J. and E. Casimiro, 2006: Saude humana [Human health]. Alteracoes climaticas em Portugal: Cenarios, impactos e medias de adapacao – Projecto SIAM [Climate Change in Portugal: Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation measures – SIAM Project], F. Santos and P. Miranda, Eds., Gravida, Lisbon, 451-462. [NPR]

Campbell-Lendrum, D., A. Pruss-Ustun and C. Corvalan, 2003: How much disease could climate change cause? Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses, A. McMichael, D. Campbell-Lendrum, C. Corvalan, K. Ebi, A. Githeko, J. Scheraga and A. Woodward, Eds., WHO/WMO/UNEP, Geneva, 133-159. [NPR]

Carson, C., S. Hajat, B. Armstrong and P. Wilkinson, 2006: Declining vulnerability to temperature-related mortality in London over the twentieth century. Am. J. Epidemiol., 164, 77-84. Clean

Casas-Zamora, J.A. and S.A. Ibrahim, 2004: Confronting health inequity: the global dimension. Am. J. Public Health, 94, 2055. Clean

Casimiro, E. and J. Calheiros, 2002: Human health. Climate Change in Portugal: Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation Measures – SIAM Project, F. Santos, K. Forbes and R. Moita, Eds., Gradiva, Lisbon, 241-300. [NPR]

Casimiro, E., J. Calheiros, D. Santos and S. Kovats, 2006: National assessment of human health impacts of climate change in Portugal: approach and key findings. Environ. Health Persp., 114, 1950-1956. doi:10.1289/ehp.8431. [ARC]

Cazelles, B., M. Chavez, A.J. McMichael and S. Hales, 2005: Nonstationary influence of El Niño on the synchronous dengue epidemics in Thailand. PLoS Med., 2, e106. [SRC]

CDC, 2005: Vibrio illnesses after Hurricane Katrina: multiple states, August–September 2005. MMWR–Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 54, 928-931. Clean

Cecchi, L., M. Morabito, P. Domeneghetti M., A. Crisci, M. Onorari and S. Orlandini, 2006: Long distance transport of ragweed pollen as a potential cause of allergy in central Italy. Ann. Allergy. Asthma. Im., 96, 86-91. Clean

Chan, C., L.Y. Chan, K.S. Lam, Y.S. Li, J.M. Harris and S.J. Oltmans, 2002: Effects of Asian air pollution transport and photochemistry on carbon monoxide variability and ozone production in subtropical coastal south China. J. Geophys. Res. D, 107, 4746. Clean

Chase, J.M. and T.M. Knight, 2003: Drought-induced mosquito outbreaks in wetlands. Ecol. Lett., 6, 1017-1024. Clean

Chateau-Degat, M.-L., M. Chinain, N. Cerf, S. Gingras, B. Hubert and E. Dewailly, 2005: Seawater temperature, Gambierdiscus spp. variability and incidence of ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia. Harmful Algae, 4, 1053–1062. Clean

Chaudhury, S.K., J.M. Gore and K.C.S. Ray, 2000: Impact of heat waves in India. Curr. Sci., 79, 153-155. Clean

Checkley, W., L.D. Epstein, R.H. Gilman, D. Figueroa, R.I. Cama, J.A. Patz and R.E. Black, 2000: Effects of El Niño and ambient temperature on hospital admissions for diarrhoeal diseases in Peruvian children. Lancet, 355, 442-450. [ARC]

Checkley, W., R.H. Gilman, R.E. Black, L.D. Epstein, L. Cabrera, C.R. Sterling and L.H. Moulton, 2004: Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community. Lancet, 363, 112-118. [ARC]

Chen, K., Y. Ho, C. Lai, Y. Tsai and S. Chen, 2004: Trends in concentration of ground-level ozone and meteorological conditions during high ozone episodes in the Kao-Ping Airshed, Taiwan. J. Air Waste Manage., 54, 36-48. Clean

Chen, Y. and C. Tang, 2005: Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Taipei, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A, 68, 1457-1464. Clean

Choi, G.Y., J.N. Choi and H.J. Kwon, 2005: The impact of high apparent temperature on the increase of summertime disease-related mortality in Seoul: 1991–2000. J. Prev. Med. Pub. Health, 38, 283-290. Clean

Choudhury, A.Y. and A. Bhuiya, 1993: Effects of biosocial variable on changes in nutritional status of rural Bangladeshi children, pre- and post-monsoon flooding. J. Biosoc. Sci., 25, 351-357. Clean

Chua, K.B., W.J. Bellini, P.A. Rota, B.H. Harcourt, A. Tamin, S.K. Lam, T.G. Ksiazek, P.E. Rollin, S.R. Zaki, W. Shieh, C.S. Goldsmith, D.J. Gubler, J.T. Roehrig, B. Eaton, A.R. Gould, J. Olson, H. Field, P. Daniels, A.E. Ling, C.J. Peters, L.J. Anderson and B.W. Mahy, 2000: Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science, 288, 1432-1435. [JoC]

Cifuentes, L., V.H. Borja-Aburto, N. Gouveia, G. Thurston and D.L. Davis, 2001: Climate change. Hidden health benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. Science, 293, 1257-1259. [JoC]

Claiborn, C.S., D. Finn, T.V. Larson and J.Q. Koenig, 2000: Windblown dust contributes to high PM2.5 concentrations. J. Air Waste Manage., 50, 1440-1445. Clean

Clark, C.G., L. Price, R. Ahmed, D.L. Woodward, P.L. Melito, F.G. Rogers, D. Jamieson, B. Ciebin, A. Li and A. Ellis, 2003: Characterization of water borne disease outbreak associated Campylobacter jejuni, Walkerton, Ontario. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 1232-1241. Clean

Cline, W., 1992: Economics of Global Warming. Institute for International Economics, Washington, District of Columbia, 424 pp. [NPR]

Cline, W., 2004: Meeting the challenge of global warming: reply to Manne and Mendelsohn. Copenhagen Consensus Challenge Paper, Opponents Notes Reply, 8 pp. http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/Reply_-_Cline_-_Climate_Change_180504.pdf. [NPR]

Coffee, M., G. Garnett, M. Mlilo, H. Voeten, S. Chandiwana and S. Gregson, 2005: Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. J. Infect. Dis., 191, S159-S167. Clean

Cohen, J.C., 2003: Human population: the next half century. Science, 302, 1172-1175. [JoC]

Colwell, R.R., 1996: Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science, 274, 2025-2031. [JoC]

Combs, D.L., L.E. Quenenmoen and R.G. Parrish, 1998: Assessing disaster attributable mortality: development and application of definition and classification matrix. Int. J. Epidemiol., 28, 1124-1129. Clean

Confalonieri, U., 2003: Climate variability, vulnerability and health in Brazil. Terra Livre, 19, 193-204. [SRC]

Conti, S., P. Meli, G. Minelli, R. Solimini, V. Toccaceli, M. Vichi, C. Beltrano and L. Perini, 2005: Epidemiologic study of mortality during the Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy. Environ. Res., 98, 390-399. Clean

Cook, A.G., P. Weinstein and J.A. Centeno, 2005: Health effects of natural dust: role of trace elements and compounds. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 103, 1-15. Clean

Corden, J.M., W.M. Millington and J. Mullins, 2003: Long-term trends and regional variation in the aeroallergens in Cardiff and Derby UK: are differences in climate and cereal production having an effect? Aerobiologia, 19, 191. Clean

Corwin, A.L., R.P. Larasati, M.J. Bangs, S. Wuryadi, S. Arjoso, N. Sukri, E. Listyaningsih, S. Hartati, R. Namursa, Z. Anwar, S. Chandra, B. Loho, H. Ahmad, J.R. Campbell and K.R. Porter, 2001: Epidemic dengue transmission in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. T. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. H., 95, 257-265. Clean

CPTEC, 2005: Climanálise : Boletim de Monitorimento e Análise Climática, Vol. 20, No 9, Setembro. http://www.cptec.inpe.br/products/climanalise/09?05/index.html. [NPR]

Craig, M.H., I. Kleinschmidt, J.B. Nawn, D. Le Sueur and B. Sharp, 2004: Exploring 30 years of malaria case data in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Part I. The impact of climatic factors. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9, 1247. Clean

Cummings, D.A., 2004: Travelling waves in the occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand. Nature, 427, 344. [JoC]

Curriero, F., J.A. Patz, J.B. Rose and S. Lele, 2001: The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948–1994. Am. J. Publ. Health, 91, 1194-1199. [ARC]

Curriero, F., K.S. Heiner, J. Samet, S. Zeger, L. Strug and J.A. Patz, 2002: Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the Eastern United States. Am. J. Epidemiol., 155, 80-87. [ARC]

Curtis, T., S. Kvernmo and P. Bjerregaard, 2005: Changing living conditions, life style and health. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 64, 442-450. Clean

D’Amato, G., G. Liccardi, M. D’Amato and M. Cazzola, 2002: Outdoor air pollution, climatic changes and allergic bronchial asthma. Eur. Respir. J., 20, 763-776. Clean

D’Souza, R., N. Becker, G. Hall and K. Moodie, 2004: Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease? Epidemiology, 15, 86-92. Clean

Daniel, M., V. Danielova, B. Kriz and I. Kott, 2004: An attempt to elucidate the increased incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and its spread to higher altitudes in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293, 55-62. Clean

DaSilva, J., B. Garanganga, V. Teveredzi, S. Marx, S. Mason and S. Connor, 2004: Improving epidemic malaria planning, preparedness and response in Southern Africa. Malaria J., 3, 37. Clean

Davis, R., P. Knappenberger, W. Novicoff and P. Michaels, 2002: Decadal changes in heat related human mortality in the eastern United States. Climate Res., 22, 175-184. Clean

Davis, R., P. Knappenberger, P. Michaels and W. Novicoff, 2003: Changing heat-related mortality in the United States. Environ. Health Persp., 111, 1712 -1718. Clean

Davis, R., P. Knappenberger, P. Michaels and W. Novicoff, 2004: Seasonality of climate-human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change. Climate Res., 26, 61-76. Clean

Day, J.F., 2001: Predicting St. Louis encephalitis virus epidemics: lessons from recent, and not so recent, outbreaks. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 46, 111-138. [MoS]

de Graaf, R. and J. Rappole, 1995: Neotropical Migratory Birds: Natural History, Distribution and Population Change. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 676 pp. [NPR]

de Gruijl, F., J. Longstreth, C. Norval, A. Cullen, H. Slaper, M. Kripke, Y. Takizawa and J. van der Leun, 2003: Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem. Photobio. S., 2, 16-28. Clean

De, U.S. and R.K. Mukhopadhyay, 1998: Severe heat wave over the Indian subcontinent in 1998, in perspective of global climate. Curr. Sci., 75, 1308-1315. Clean

De, U.S., M. Khole and M. Dandekar, 2004: Natural hazards associated with meteorological extreme events. Nat. Hazards, 31, 487-497. Clean

de Vogli, R., R. Mistry, R. Gnesotto and G.A. Cornia, 2005: Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialised countries. J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 59, 158-162. Clean

de Wet, N., W. Ye, S. Hales, R.A. Warrick, A. Woodward and P. Weinstein, 2001: Use of a computer model to identify potential hotspots for dengue fever in New Zealand. New Zeal. Med. J., 11, 420-422. [MoS, SRC]

del Ninno, C. and M. Lundberg, 2005: Treading water: the long term impact of the 1998 flood on nutrition in Bangladesh. Econ. Hum. Biol., 3, 67-96. Clean

Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S. Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 499-588. [NPR, 2007]

Department of Health and Expert Group on Climate Change and Health in the UK, 2001: Health Effects of Climate Change in the UK. Department of Health, London, 238 pp. [NPR]

Depradine, C.A. and E.H. Lovell, 2004: Climatological variables and the incidence of dengue fever in Barbados. Int. J. Environ. Heal. R., 14, 429-441. Clean

Derwent, R.G., W.J. Collins, C.E. Johnson and D.S. Stevenson, 2001: Transient behaviour of tropospheric ozone precursors in a global 3-D CTM and their indirect greenhouse effects. Climatic Change, 49, 463-487. [JoC]

Dessai, S., 2003: Heat stress and mortality in Lisbon. Part II. An assessment of the potential impacts of climate change. Int. J. Biometeorol., 48, 37-44. Clean

Dixon, S., S. McDonald and J.A. Roberts, 2002: The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa’s economic development. Brit. Med. J., 324, 232-234. Clean

Dominici, F., R.D. Peng, M.L. Bell, L. Pham, A. McDermott, S.L. Zeger and J.M. Samet, 2006: Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 295, 1127-1134. Clean

Donaldson, G.C., R.S. Kovats, W.R. Keatinge and A. McMichael, 2001: Heat-and-cold-related mortality and morbidity and climate change. Health Effects of Climate Change in the UK, Department of Health, London, 70-80. [NPR, SRC]

Donaldson, G.C., W.R. Keatinge and S. Nayha, 2003: Changes in summer temperature and heat-related mortality since 1971 in North Carolina, South Finland, and Southeast England. Environ. Res., 91, 1-7. Clean

Durkin, M.S., N. Khan, L.L. Davidson, S.S. Zaman and Z.A. Stein, 1993: The effects of a natural disaster on child behaviour: evidence for posttraumatic stress. Am. J. Public Health, 83, 1549-1553. Clean

Ebi, K.L. and J.L. Gamble, 2005: Summary of a workshop on the development of health models and scenarios: a strategy for the future. Environ. Health Persp., 113, 335-338. [MoS, SRC]

Ebi, K.L., J. Hartman, N. Chan, J. McConnell, M. Schlesinger and J. Weyant, 2005: Climate suitability for stable malaria transmission in Zimbabwe under different climate change scenarios. Climatic Change, 73, 375-393. [JoC, SRC]

Ebi, K.L, I. Burton and B. Menne, 2006a: Policy implications for climate change related health risks. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Human Health, B. Menne and K. Ebi, Eds., Steinkopff, Darmstadt, 297-310. [NPR, SRC]

Ebi, K.L., J. Smith, I. Burton and J.S. Scheraga, 2006b: Some lessons learned from public health on the process of adaptation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 607-620. [SRC]

EEA, 2003: Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2003: overview of exceedances of EC ozone threshold values during the summer season April–August 2003 and comparisons with previous years. Topic Report No 3/2003, European Economic Association, Copenhagen, 33 pp. http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2003_3/en. [NPR]

EEA, 2005: Climate change and river flooding in Europe. EEA Briefing, 1, 1-4. [NPR]

Eiguren-Fernandez, A., A. Miguel, J. Froines, S. Thurairatnam and E. Avol, 2004: Seasonal and spatial variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vapor-phase and PM2.5 in Southern California urban and rural communities. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 447 - 455. Clean

EM-DAT, 2006: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database. http://www.em-dat.net. [NPR]

Emberlin, J., M. Detandt, R. Gehrig, S. Jaeger, N. Nolard and A. Rantio-Lehtimaki, 2002: Responses in the start of Betula (birch) pollen seasons to recent changes in spring temperatures across Europe. Int. J. Biometeorol., 46, 159-170. Clean

Enarson, E. and B. Morrow, Eds., 1998: The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut and London, 288 pp. [NPR]

Enscore, R., B. Biggerstaff, T. Brown, R. Fulgham, P. Reynolds, D. Engelthaler, C. Levy, R. Parmenter, J. Montenieri, J. Cheek, R. Grinnell, P. Ettestad and K. Gage, 2002: Modeling relationships between climate and the frequency of human plague cases in the southwestern United States, 1960–1997. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 66, 186-196. [MoS]

Euripidou, E. and V. Murray, 2004: Public health impacts of floods and chemical contamination. J. Public Health, 26, 376-383. Clean

Eurowinter Group, 1997: Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet, 349, 1341-1346. Clean

Ezzati, M., S.V. Hoorn, A. Rodgers, A.D. Lopez, C.D. Mathers and C.J. Murray, 2003: Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet, 362, 271-280. [MoS]

Ezzati, M., A. Lopez, A. Rodgers and C. Murray, Eds., 2004: Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease due to Selected Major Risk Factors, Vols. 1 and 2. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2235 pp. [NPR]

Fallacara, D.M., C.M. Monahan, T.Y. Morishita, C.A. Bremer and R.F. Wack, 2004: Survey of parasites and bacterial pathogens from free-living waterfowl in zoological settings. Avian Dis., 48, 759-767. Clean

Fan, G.C., C.N. Chang, Y.S. Wu, S.C. Lu, P.P. Fu, S.C. Chang, C.D. Cheng and W.H. Yuen, 2002: Concentration of atmospheric particulates during a dust storm period in central Taiwan, Taichung. Sci. Total Environ., 287, 141-145. Clean

Fankhauser, S. and R.S.J. Tol, 1997: The social costs of climate change: the IPCC Second Assessment Report and beyond. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 1, 385. [ARC]

Fankhauser, S., R.S.J. Tol and D. Pearce, 1997: The aggregation of climate change damages: a welfare theoretic approach. Environ. Resour. Econ., 10, 249-266. [ARC]

FAO, 2002: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2002. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y7352e/y7352e00.HTM. [NPR]

FAO, 2005: The State of Food Insecurity around the World: Eradicating Hunger – Key to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. FAO, Rome, 40 pp. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0200e/a0200e00.htm. [NPR]

Few, R. and F. Matthies, 2006: Flood Hazards and Health: Responding to Present and Future Risks. Earthscan, London, 240 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Fleury, M., D.F. Charron, J.D. Holt, O.B. Allen and A.R. Maarouf, 2006: A time series analysis of the relationship of ambient temperature and common bacterial enteric infections in two Canadian provinces. Int. J. Biometeorol., 50, 385-391. Clean

Folha, 2006: Seca nos rios da Amazônia leva animais em extinção à morte. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u13869.shtml. [NPR]

Fothergill, A., 1998: The neglect of gender in disaster work: an overview of the literature. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes, E. Enarson and B. Morrow, Eds., Praeger, Westport, Connecticut and London, 9-25. [NPR]

Franke, C.R., M. Ziller, C. Staubach and M. Latif, 2002: Impact of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation on visceral leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8, 914-917. Clean

Frankenberg, E., D. McKee and D. Thomas, 2005: Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia. Demography, 42, 109-129. Clean

Friend, M., R.G. McLean and F.J. Dein, 2001: Disease emergence in birds: challenges for the twenty-first century. Auk, 118, 290-303. Clean

Furgal, C., D. Martin and P. Gosselin, 2002a: Climate change in Nunavik and Labrador: lessons from Inuit knowledge. The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations on Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, Eds., ARCUS, Washington, District of Columbia, 266-300. [NPR, SRC]

Furgal, C.M., D. Martin, P. Gosselin, A. Viau, Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services (NRBHSS) and Labrador Inuit Association (LIA), 2002b: Climate change in Lunavik and Labrador: what we know from science and Inuit ecological knowledge. Final Report prepared for Climate Change Action Fund, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center on Environmental and Occupational Health Impact Assessment and Surveillance, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec (CHUQ), Beauport, Quebec, 141 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Fusco, A.C. and J.A. Logan, 2003: Analysis of 1970-1995 trends in tropospheric ozone at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes with the GEOS-CHEM model. J. Geophys. Res. D, 108, 4449. [MoS]

Gabastou, J.M., C. Pesantes, S. Escalante, Y. Narvaez, E. Vela, L. Garcia, D. Zabala and Z.E. Yadon, 2002: Characteristics of the cholera epidemic of 1998 in Ecuador during El Niño (in Spanish). Rev. Panam. Salud Publ., 12, 157-164. Clean

Gagnon, A.S., A.B.G. Bush and K.E. Smoyer-Tomic, 2001: Dengue epidemics and the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Climate Res., 19, 35-43. Clean

Galea, S., A. Nandi and D. Vlahov, 2005: The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorders after disasters. Epidemiol. Rev., 27, 78-91. Clean

Gallagher, R.P. and T.K. Lee, 2006: Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Bio., 92, 119-131. Clean

Gangoiti, G., M.M. Millan, R. Salvador and E. Mantilla, 2001: Long-range transport and re-circulation of pollutants in the western Mediterranean during the project Regional Cycles of Air Pollution in the West-Central Mediterranean Area. Atmos. Environ., 35, 6267-6276. Clean

Garrison, C.Z., E.S. Bryant, C.L. Addy, P.G. Spurrier, J.R. Freedy and D.G. Kilpatrick, 1995: Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after Hurricane Andrew. J. Am. Acad. Child Psy., 34, 1193-1201. Clean

Gerolomo, M. and M.F. Penna, 1999: Os primeiros cinco anos da setima pandemia de cólera no Brasil. Informe Epid. SUS, 8, 49-58. Clean

Ghebreyesus, T.A., M. Haile, K.H. Witten, A. Getachew, A.M. Yohannes, M. Yohannes, H.D. Teklehaimanot, S.W. Lindsay and P. Byass, 1999: Incidence of malaria among children living near dams in northern Ethiopia: community based incidence survey. Brit. Med. J., 319, 663-666. Clean

Githeko, A.K. and W. Ndegwa, 2001: Predicting malaria epidemics in the Kenyan Highlands using climate data: a tool for decision makers. Global Change Human Health, 2, 54-63. [MoS, ARC]

Goklany, I., 2002: The globalization of human well-being. Policy Anal., 447, 1-20. Clean

Goulson, D., L.C. Derwent, M. Hanley, D. Dunn and S. Abolins, 2005: Predicting calyptrate fly populations from the weather, and the likely consequences of climate change. J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 784-794. [MoS]

Government of Andhra Pradesh, 2004: Report of the state level committee on heat wave conditions in Andhra Pradesh State. Revenue (Disaster Management) Department. Hyderabad, India. 67pp. [NPR]

Greenough, G., M.A. McGeehin, S.M. Bernard, J. Trtanj, J. Riad and D. Engelberg, 2001: The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States. Environ. Health Persp., 109, 191-198. Clean

Grize, L., A. Huss, O. Thommen, C. Schindler and C. Braun-Fahrländer, 2005: Heat wave 2003 and mortality in Switzerland. Swiss Med. Wkly., 135, 200–205. Clean

Gryparis, A., B. Forsberg, K. Katsouyanni, A. Analitis, G. Touloumi, J. Schwartz, E. Samoli, S. Medina, H.R. Anderson, E.M. Niciu, H.E. Wichmann, B. Kriz, M. Kosnik, J. Skorkovsky, J.M. Vonk and Z. Dortbudak, 2004: Acute effects of ozone on mortality from the “Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach” project. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 170, 1080-1087. Clean

Guang, W., W. Qing and M. Ono, 2005: Investigation on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the north-western part of Hainan Province. China Trop. Med., 5, 230-233. Clean

Guha-Sapir, P., D. Hargitt and H. Hoyois, 2004: Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974–2003: The Numbers. UCL, Presses Universitaires de Louvrain, Louvrain-la Neuve, 188 pp. [NPR]

Guidry, V.T. and L.H. Margolis, 2005: Unequal respiratory health risk: using GIS to explore hurricane related flooding of schools in Eastern North Carolina. Environ. Res., 98, 383-389. Clean

Guttikunda, S.K., G.R. Carmichael, G. Calori, C. Eck and J.-H. Woo, 2003: The contribution of megacities to regional sulfur pollution in Asia. Atmos. Environ., 37, 11-22. Clean

Gylfe, A., S. Bergstrom, J. Lunstrom and B. Olsen, 2000: Epidemiology: reactivation of Borrelia infection in birds. Nature, 403, 724-725. [JoC]

Haines, A. and A. Cassels, 2004: Can the Millennium Development Goals be attained? Brit. Med. J., 329, 394-397. Clean

Haines, A., S. Kuruvilla and M. Borchert, 2004: Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. B. World Health Organ., 82, 724-732. Clean

Haines, A., R.S. Kovats, D. Campbell-Lendrum and C. Corvalan, 2006: Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability, and mitigation. Lancet, 367, 2101-2109. Clean

Hajat, S., 2006: Heat- and cold-related deaths in England and Wales: who is at risk? Occup. Environ. Med., 64, 93-100. Clean

Hajat, S., B. Armstrong, N. Gouveia and P. Wilkinson, 2005: Comparison of mortality displacement of heat-related deaths in Delhi, Sao Paulo and London. Epidemiology, 16, 613-620. Clean

Hajat, S., B. Armstrong, M. Baccini, A. Biggeri, L. Bisanti, A. Russo, A. Paldy, B. Menne and T. Kosatsky, 2006: Impact of high temperatures on mortality: is there an added “heat wave” effect? Epidemiology, 17, 632-638. [SRC]

Hales, J. and D. Richards, 1987: Heat stress: physical exertion and environment. Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Heat Stress, Physical Exertion and Environment, Sydney, Australia, 27 April–1 May 1987. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam and New York, 558 pp. [NPR]

Hales, S., P. Wienstein, Y. Souares and A. Woodward, 1999: El Niño and the dynamics of vectorborne disease transmission. Environ. Health Persp., 107, 99-102. [SRC]

Hales, S., N. de Wet, J. Maindonald and A. Woodward, 2002: Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. Lancet, 360, 830-834. [MoS, SRC]

Hall, G.V., R.M. D’Souza and M.D. Kirk, 2002: Foodborne disease in the new millennium: out of the frying pan and into the fire. Med. J. Australia, 177, 614-618. Clean

Hammitt, J.K. and J.D. Graham, 1999: Willingness to pay for health protection: inadequate sensitivity to probability? J. Risk Uncertainty, 18, 33-62. Clean

Hamnett, M.P., 1998: The Pacific ENSO Applications Centre and the 1997-98 El Niño. Pacific ENSO Update, 4. [NPR]

Hari Kumar, R., K. Venkaiah, N. Arlappa, S. Kumar, G. Brahmam and K. Vijayaraghavan, 2005: Diet and nutritional status of the population in the severely drought affected areas of Gujarat. J. Hum. Ecol., 18, 319-326. Clean

Harrison, R.M., A.M. Jones, P.D. Biggins, N. Pomeroy, C.S. Cox, S.P. Kidd, J.L. Hobman, N.L. Brown and A. Beswick, 2005: Climate factors influencing bacterial count in background air samples. Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 167-178. Clean

Hartley, S. and D.A. Robinson, 2000: A shift in winter season timing in the Northern Plains of the USA as indicated by temporal analysis of heating degree days. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 365-379. [JoC]

Hassi, J. and M. Rytkonen, 2005: Climate warming and health adaptation in Finland. FINADAPT Working Paper 7, Finnish Environment Institute Mimeographs 337, Helsinki, 28 pp. [NPR]

Hassi, J., M. Rytkonen, J. Kotaniemi and H. Rintamaki, 2005: Impacts of cold climate on human heat balance, performance and health in circumpolar areas. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 64, 459-467. Clean

Hay, S.I., D.J. Rogers, S.E. Randolph, D.I. Stern, J. Cox, G.D. Shanks and R.W. Snow, 2002a: Hot topic or hot air? Climate change and malaria resurgence in East African highlands. Trends Parasitol., 18, 530-534. Clean

Hay, S.I., J. Cox, D.J. Rogers, S.E. Randolph, D.I. Stern, G.D. Shanks, M.F. Myers and R.W. Snow, 2002b: Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature, 415, 905-909. [JoC]

Hay, S.I., C.A. Guerra, A.J. Tatem, P.M. Atkinson and R.W. Snow, 2005a: Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 81-90. Clean

Hay, S.I., G.D. Shanks, D.I. Stern, R.W. Snow, S.E. Randolph and D.J. Rogers, 2005b: Climate variability and malaria epidemics in the highlands of East Africa. Trends Parasitol., 21, 52-53. Clean

Hayhoe, K., 2004: Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 12422. [PoC, JoC, ARC]

Hazenkamp-von Arx, M.E., T. Gotschi Fellmann, L. Oglesby, U. Ackermann-Liebrich, T. Gislason, J. Heinrich, D. Jarvis, C. Luczynska, A.J. Manzanera, L. Modig, D. Norback, A. Pfeifer, A. Poll, M. Ponzio, A. Soon, P. Vermeire and N. Kunzli, 2003: PM2.5 assessment in 21 European study centers of ECRHS II: method and first winter results. J. Air Waste Manage, 53, 617-628. Clean

He, Z., Y.J. Kim, K.O. Ogunjobi and C.S. Hong, 2003: Characteristics of PM2.5 species and long-range transport of air masses at Taean background station, South Korea. Atmos. Environ., 37, 219-230. Clean

Healy, J.D., 2003: Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors. J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 57, 784-789. Clean

Hegerl, G.C., F.W. Zwiers, P. Braconnot, N.P. Gillett, Y. Luo, J.A. Marengo Orsini, N. Nicholls, J.E. Penner and P.A. Stott, 2007: Understanding and attributing climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 663-746. [NPR, ARC, 2007]

Heller, L., E. Colosimo and C. Antunes, 2003: Environmental sanitation conditions and health impact: a case-control study. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Tro., 36, 41-50. Clean

Helmis, C.G., N. Moussiopoulos, H.A. Flocas, P. Sahm, V.D. Assimakopoulos, C. Naneris and P. Maheras, 2003: Estimation of transboundary air pollution on the basis of synoptic-scale weather types. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 405-416. [JoC, MoS]

Hemon, D. and E. Jougla, 2004: La canicule du mois d’aout 2003 en France [The heatwave in France in August 2003]. Rev. Epidemiol. Santé, 52, 3-5. Clean

Hicks, B.B., 2003: Planning for air quality concerns of the future. Pure Appl. Geophys., 160, 57-74. [MoS]

Hijioka, Y., K. Takahashi, Y. Matsuoka and H. Harasawa, 2002: Impact of global warming on waterborne diseases. J. Jpn. Soc. Water Environ., 25, 647-652. [ARC]

Hogrefe, C., J. Biswas, B. Lynn, K. Civerolo, J.Y. Ku, J. Rosenthal, C. Rosenzweig, R. Goldberg and P.L. Kinney, 2004: Simulating regional-scale ozone climatology over the eastern United States: model evaluation results. Atmos. Environ., 38, 2627. [MoS, ARC]

Holick, M.F., 2004: Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 1678S-1688S. Clean

Holloway, T., A. Fiore and M.G. Hastings, 2003: Intercontinental transport of air pollution: will emerging science lead to a new hemispheric treaty? Environ Sci. Technol., 37, 4535-4542. Clean

Honda, Y., M. Ono, A. Sasaki and I. Uchiyama, 1998: Shift of the short term temperature mortality relationship by a climate factor: some evidence necessary to take account of in estimating the health effect of global warming. J. Risk Res., 1, 209-220. [MoS, ARC]

Hopp, M.J. and J.A. Foley, 2003: Worldwide fluctuations in dengue fever cases related to climate variability. Climate Res., 25, 85-94. Clean

Hoyt, K.S. and A.E. Gerhart, 2004: The San Diego County wildfires: perspectives of health care. Disaster Manage. Response, 2, 46-52. Clean

Hubalek, Z., 2004: An annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds. J. Wildlife Dis., 40, 639-659. Clean

Hunter, P.R., 2003: Climate change and waterborne and vectorborne disease. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 37-46. Clean

Huynen, M. and B. Menne, 2003: Phenology and human health: allergic disorders. Report of a WHO meeting in Rome, Italy, 16–17 January 2003. Health and Global Environmental Series, EUR/03/5036791. World Health Organization, Copenhagen, 64 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Ibald-Mulli, A., H.E. Wichmann, W. Kreyling and A. Peters, 2002: Epidemiological evidence on health effects of ultrafine particles. J. Aerosol Med., 15, 189-201. Clean

IFRC, 2002: World Disaster Report 2002. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, 240 pp. [NPR]

IGCI, 2000: Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Fiji. Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme. International Global Change Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton. [NPR]

INVS, 2003: Impact sanitaire de la vague de chaleur d’ août 2003 en France. Bilan et perpectives [Health Impact of the Heatwave in August 2003 in France]. Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, 120 pp. [NPR]

IPCC, 2000: Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, N. Nakićenović and R. Swart, Eds., Cambridge University Press, New York, 570 pp. [NPR]

IPCC, 2007a: Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 18 pp. [NPR, 2007]

IPCC, 2007b: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 996 pp. [NPR, 2007]

IPCC, 2007c: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, B. Metz, O. Davidson, P. Bosch, R. Dave and L. Meyer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. [NPR, 2007]

IPCC/TEAP, 2005: Special Report: Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues Related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons, B. Metz, L. Kuijpers, S. Solomon, S.O. Andersen, O. Davidson, J. Pons, D. de Jager, T. Kestin, M. Manning and L. Meyer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, New York, 468 pp. [NPR]

Ito, K., S.F. De Leon and M. Lippmann, 2005: Associations between ozone and daily mortality: analysis and meta-analysis. Epidemiology, 16, 446-457. Clean

Izmerov, N.F., B.A. Revich and E.I. Korenberg, 2005: Climate changes and health of population in Russia in XXI century (in Russian). Med. Tr. Prom. Ekol. 1-6. [NPR, SRC]

Jaffe, D., I. McKendry, T. Anderson and H. Price, 2003: Six “new” episodes of trans-Pacific transport of air pollutants. Atmos. Environ., 37, 91-404. Clean

Jaffe, D., I. Bertschi, L. Jaegle, P. Novelli, J.S. Reid, H. Tanimoto, R. Vingarzan and D.L. Westphal, 2004: Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions and impact on surface ozone in western North America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16106. [JoC]

Jensen, S., R. Berkowicz, M. Winther, F. Palmgren and Z. Zlatev, 2001: Future air quality in Danish cities due to new emission and fuel quality directives of the European Union. Int. J. Vehicle Des., 27, 195-208. [MoS]

Johnson, C.E., D.S. Stevenson, W.J. Collins and R.G. Derwent, 2001: Role of climate feedback on methane and ozone studied with a coupled ocean-atmosphere-chemistry model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1723-1726. [JoC, MoS]

Johnson, H., R.S. Kovats, G.R. McGregor, J.R. Stedman, M. Gibbs, H. Walton, L. Cook and E. Black, 2005: The impact of the 2003 heatwave on mortality and hospital admissions in England. Health Statistics Q., 25, 6-12. [SRC]

Jones, J.M. and T.D. Davies, 2000: The influence of climate on air and precipitation chemistry over Europe and downscaling applications to future acidic deposition. Climate Res., 14, 7-24. [MoS]

Jonkman, S.N. and I. Kelman, 2005: An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. Disasters, 29, 75-97. Clean

Jonsson, P., C. Bennet, I. Eliasson and E. Selin Lindgren, 2004: Suspended particulate matter and its relations to the urban climate in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Atmos. Environ., 38, 4175. Clean

Julvez, J., M. Develoux, A. Mounkaila and J. Mouchet, 1992: Diversity of malaria in the Sahelo-Saharan region: a review apropos of the status in Niger, West Africa (in French). Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Tr., 72, 163-177. Clean

Julvez, J., J. Mouchet, A. Michault, A. Fouta and M. Hamidine, 1997: The progress of malaria in Sahelian eastern Niger: an ecological disaster zone (in French). B. Soc. Pathol. Exot., 90, 101-104. Clean

Junk, J., A. Helbig and J. Luers, 2003: Urban climate and air quality in Trier, Germany. Int. J. Biometeorol., 47, 230-238. Clean

Kabuto, M., Y. Honda and H. Todoriki, 2005: A comparative study of daily maximum and personally exposed temperatures during hot summer days in three Japanese cities (in Japanese). Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 52, 775-784. [ARC]

Kang, G., B.S. Ramakrishna, J. Daniel, M. Mathan and V. Mathan, 2001: Epidemiological and laboratory investigations of outbreaks of diarrhoea in rural South India: implications for control of disease. Epidemiol. Infect., 127, 107-112. Clean

Kappos, A.D., P. Bruckmann, T. Eikmann, N. Englert, U. Heinrich, P. Hoppe, E. Koch, G.H.M. Krause, W.G. Kreyling, K. Rauchfuss, P. Rombout, V. Schulz-Klemp, W.R. Thiel and H.E. Wichmann, 2004: Health effects of particles in ambient air. Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Heal., 207, 399-407. Clean

Kassomenos, P., A. Gryparis, E. Samoli, K. Katsouyanni, S. Lykoudis and H.A. Flocas, 2001: Atmospheric circulation types and daily mortality in Athens, Greece. Environ. Health Persp., 109, 591-596. Clean

Kato, S., Y. Kajiia, R. Itokazu, J. Hirokawad, S. Kodae and Y. Kinjof, 2004: Transport of atmospheric carbon monoxide, ozone, and hydrocarbons from Chinese coast to Okinawa island in the Western Pacific during winter. Atmos. Environ., 38, 2975-2981. Clean

Katsumata, T., D. Hosea, E.B. Wasito, S. Kohno, K. Hara, P. Soeparto and I.G. Ranuh, 1998: Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-based study and a community-based survey. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 59, 628-632. Clean

Kaumov, A. and B. Muchmadeliev, 2002: Climate Change and its Impacts on Human Health. Dushanbe, Avesto, 172 pp. [NPR]

Keiser, J., J. Utzinger, M.C. De Castro, T.A. Smith, M. Tanner and B.H. Singer, 2004: Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71, 118-127. Clean

Kellogg, C.A. and D.W. Griffin, 2006: Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust. Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 638-644. Clean

Kerslake, D., 1972: The Stress of Hot Environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 326 pp. [NPR]

Kistemann, T., T. Classen, C. Koch, F. Dangendorf, R. Fischeder, J. Gebel, V. Vacata and M. Exner, 2002: Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 2188-2197. Clean

Klich, M., M.W. Lankester and K.W. Wu, 1996: Spring migratory birds (Aves) extend the northern occurrence of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol., 33, 581-585. Clean

Knowlton, K., J.E. Rosenthal, C. Hogrefe, B. Lynn, S. Gaffin, R. Goldberg, C. Rosenzweig, K. Civerolo, J.Y. Ku and P.L. Kinney, 2004: Assessing ozone-related health impacts under a changing climate. Environ. Health Persp., 112, 1557-1563. [ARC]

Ko, A.I., M. Galvao Reis, C.M. Ribeiro Dourado, W.D. Johnson Jr. and L.W. Riley, 1999: Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet, 354, 820-825. Clean

Koe, L., A.J. Arellano and J. McGregor, 2001: Investigating the haze transport from 1997 biomass burning in Southeast Asia: its impact upon Singapore. Atmos. Environ., 35, 2723-2734. Clean

Koelle, K., X. Rodo, M. Pascal, M. Yunus and G. Mostafa, 2005: Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics. Nature, 436, 696. [JoC, MoS, ARC]

Kohler, S. and C. Kohler, 1992: Dead bleached coral provides new surfaces for dinoflagellates implicated in ciguatera fish poisonings. J. Env. Biol. Fish., 35, 413-416. Clean

Kohn, R., I. Levav, I. Donaire, M. Machuca and R. Tamashiro, 2005: Reacciones psicologicas y psicopatologicas en Honduras despues del huracan Mitch: implicaciones para la planificacion de los servicios [Psychological and psychopathological reactions in Honduras following Hurricane Mitch: implications for service planning] (in Spanish). Rev. Panam. Salud Publ., 18, 287-295. Clean

Koike, I., 2006: State of the art findings of global warming: contributions of the Japanese researchers and perspective in 2006. Second Report of the Global Warming Initiative, Climate Change Study Group, Ministry of Environment, Tokyo, 165-173. [NPR]

Koppe, C., 2005: Gesundheitsrelevante Bewertung von thermischer Belastung unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Anpassung der Bevölkerung and die lokalen Witterungsverhältnisse [Evaluation of Health Impacts of Thermal Exposure under Consideration of Short-term Adaptation of Populations to Local Weather] (in German). Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes 226, Offenbach am Main, 167 pp. [NPR]

Koppe, C., G. Jendritzky, R.S. Kovats and B. Menne, 2004: Heat-waves: Impacts and Responses. Health and Global Environmental Change Series, No. 2. World Health Organization, Copenhagen, 123 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Korenberg, E., 2004: Environmental causes for possible relationship between climate change and changes of natural foci of diseases and their epidemiologic consequences. Climate Change and Public Health in Russia in the XXI Century: Proceedings of the International Workshop, Moscow, 54-67. [NPR]

Kosek, M., C. Bern and R.L. Guerrent, 2003: The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. B. World Health Organ., 81, 197-204. [MoS]

Kossmann, M. and A. Sturman, 2004: The surface wind field during winter smog nights in Christchurch and coastal Canterbury, New Zealand. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 93-108. [JoC]

Kovats, R.S. and C. Koppe, 2005: Heatwaves past and future impacts on health. Integration of Public Health with Adaptation to Climate Change: Lessons Learned and New Directions, K. Ebi, J. Smith and I. Burton, Eds., Taylor and Francis, Lisse, 136-160. [NPR]

Kovats, R.S., D. Campbell-Lendrum, A. McMichael, A. Woodward and J. Cox, 2001: Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease? Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 356, 1057-1068. [SRC]

Kovats, R.S. and K.L. Ebi, 2006: Heatwaves and public health in Europe. Eur. J. Public Health, 16, 592-599. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl049. [SRC]

Kovats, R.S., M.J. Bouma, S. Hajat, E. Worrall and A. Haines, 2003: El Nino and health. Lancet, 362, 1481-1489. Clean

Kovats, R.S., S. Edwards, S. Hajat, B. Armstrong, K.L. Ebi and B. Menne, 2004: The effect of temperature on food poisoning: time series analysis in 10 European countries. Epidemiol. Infect., 132, 443-453. [SRC]

Kovats, R.S., S.J. Edwards, D. Charron, J. Cowden, R.M. D’Souza, K.L. Ebi, C. Gauci, P. Gerner-Smidt, S. Hajat, S. Hales, G.H. Pezzi, B. Kriz, K. Kutsar, P. McKeown, K. Mellou, B. Menne, S. O’Brien, W. van Pelt and H. Schmid, 2005: Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study. Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 207-214. [SRC]

Krake, A., J. McCullough and B. King, 2003: Health hazards to park rangers from excessive heat at Grand Canyon National Park. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 18, 295-317. Clean

Krauss, S., D. Walker, S.P. Pryor, L. Niles, C.H. Li, V.S. Hinshaw and R.G. Webster, 2004: Influenza A viruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in North America. Vector-Borne Zoonot, 4, 177-189. Clean

Kuhn, K., D. Campbell-Lendrum and C.R. Davies, 2002: A continental risk map for malaria mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors in Europe. J. Med. Entomol., 39, 621-630. Clean

Kunii, O., S. Nakamura, R. Abdur and S. Wakai, 2002: The impact on health and risk factors of the diarrhoea epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods. Public Health, 116, 68-74. Clean

Kunst, A.E., C.W. Looman and J.P. Mackenbach, 1991: The decline in winter excess mortality in the Netherlands. Int. J. Epidemiol., 20, 971-977. Clean

Kwon, H.J., S.H. Cho, Y. Chun, F. Lagarde and G. Pershagen, 2002: Effects of the Asian dust events on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea. Environ. Res., 90, 1-5. Clean

Kysely, J., 2005: Mortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 91-97. Clean

Laaidi, K., M. Pascal, M. Ledrans, A. Le Tertre, S. Medina, C. Caserio, J.C. Cohen, J. Manach, P. Beaudeau and P. Empereur-Bissonnet, 2004: Le système français d’alerte canicule et santé (SACS 2004): Un dispositif intégéré au Plan National Canicule [The French Heatwave Warning System and Health: An Integrated National Heatwave Plan]. Institutde Veille Sanitaire, 35 pp. [NPR]

Lagadec, P., 2004: Understanding the French 2003 heat wave experience: beyond the heat, a multi-layered challenge. J. Contingencies Crisis Management, 12, 160-169. Clean

Lake, I., G. Bentham, R.S. Kovats and G. Nichols, 2005: Effects of weather and river flow on cryptosporidiosis. Water Health, 3, 469-474. Clean

Lama, J.R., C.R. Seas, R. León-Barúa, E. Gotuzzo and R.B. Sack, 2004: Environmental temperature, cholera, and acute diarrhoea in adults in Lima, Peru. J. Health Popul. Nutr., 22, 399-403. Clean

Langmann, B., S. Bauer and I. Bey, 2003: The influence of the global photochemical composition of the troposphere on European summer smog. Part 1. Application of a global to mesoscale model chain. J. Geophys. Res. D, 108, 4146. [MoS]

Last, J.M., 1998: Public Health and Human Ecology. Prentice Hall International, London, 464 pp. [NPR]

Laurila, T., J. Tuovinen, V. Tarvainen and D. Simpson, 2004: Trends and scenarios of ground-level ozone concentrations in Finland. Boreal Environ. Res., 9, 167-184. Clean

Le Tertre, A., A. Lefranc, D. Eilstein, C. Declercq, S. Medina, M. Blanchard, B. Chardon, P. Fabre, L. Filleul, J.F. Jusot, L. Pascal, H. Prouvost, S. Cassadou and M. Ledrans, 2006: Impact of the 2003 heatwave on all-cause mortality in 9 French cities. Epidemiology, 17, 75-79. Clean

Lehane, L. and R.J. Lewis, 2000: Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 61, 91-125. Clean

Leithead, C. and A. Lind, 1964: Heat Stress and Heat Disorders. Cassell, London, 304 pp. [NPR]

Lennartson, G. and M. Schwartz, 1999: A synoptic climatology of surface-level ozone in Eastern Wisconsin, USA. Climate Res., 13, 207-220. Clean

Lerchl, A., 1998: Changes in the seasonality of mortality in Germany from 1946 to 1995: the role of temperature. Int. J. Biometeorol., 42, 84-88. Clean

Levy, J.I., S.M. Chemerynski and J.A. Sarnat, 2005: Ozone exposure and mortality: an empiric bayes metaregression analysis. Epidemiology, 16, 458-468. Clean

Liang, Q., L. Jaegle, D. Jaffe, P. Weiss-Penzias, A. Heckman and J. Snow, 2004: Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast Pacific: seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide. J. Geophys. Res. D, 109, D23S07. Clean

Lim, G., J. Aramini, M. Fleury, R. Ibarra and R. Meyers, 2002: Investigating the Relationship between Drinking Water and Gastro-enteritis in Edmonton, 1993–1998. Division of Enteric, Food-borne and Waterborne Diseases, Health Canada, Ottawa, 61 pp. [NPR]

Lindgren, E. and L. Talleklint, 2000: Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ. Health Persp., 108, 119-123. [NPR]

Lindgren, E. and R. Gustafson, 2001: Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet, 358, 16-18. Clean

Lindgren, E. and T. Naucke, 2006: Leishmaniasis: influences of climate and climate change epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures. Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health, B. Menne and K. Ebi, Eds., Steinkopff, Darmstadt, 131-156. [NPR]

Lipp, E.K., A. Huq and R.R. Colwell, 2002: Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 15, 757. [MoS]

Louis, V.R., I.A. Gillespie, S.J. O’Brien, E. Russek-Cohen, A.D. Pearson and R.R. Colwell, 2005: Temperature-driven Campylobacter seasonality in England and Wales. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 85-92. Clean

Lutz, W., W. Sanderson and S. Scherbov, 2000: Doubling of world population unlikely. Nature, 387, 803-805. [JoC]

Macintyre, S., L. McKay and A. Ellaway, 2005: Are rich people or poor people more likely to be ill? Lay perceptions, by social class and neighbourhood, of inequalities in health. Soc. Sci. Med., 60, 313-317. Clean

Maltais, D., L. Lachance, A. Brassard and M. Dubois, 2005: Social support, coping and psychological health after a flood (in French). Sci. Soc. Santé, 23, 5-38. Clean

Manuel, J., 2006: In Katrina’s wake. Environ. Health Persp., 114, A32-A39. Clean

Marmot, M., 2005: Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet, 365, 1099-1104. Clean

Martens, P. and H.B. Hilderink, 2001: Human health in transition: towards more disease or sustained health? Transitions in a Globalising World, P. Martens and J. Rotmans, Eds., Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, 61-84. [NPR]

Martens, P. and M. Huynen, 2003: A future without health? Health dimension in global scenario studies. B. World Health Organ., 81, 896-901. [MoS]

Martin, B., H. Fuelberg, N. Blake, J. Crawford, L. Logan, D. Blake and G. Sachse, 2002: Long-range transport of Asian outflow to the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. D, 108, 8322. Clean

Martinez-Navarro, F., F. Simon-Soria and G. Lopez-Abente, 2004: Valoracion del impacto de la ola de calor del verano de 2003 sobre la mortalidad [Evaluation of the impact of the heatwave in the summer of 2003 on mortality]. Gac. Sanit., 18, 250-258. Clean

Mascie-Taylor, C.G. and E. Karim, 2003: The burden of chronic disease. Science, 302, 1921-1922. [JoC]

Mason, J.B., A. Bailes, K.E. Mason, O. Yambi, U. Jonsson, C. Hudspeth, P. Hailey, A. Kendle, D. Brunet and P. Martel, 2005: AIDS, drought, and child malnutrition in southern Africa. Public Health Nutr., 8, 551-563. Clean

Maynard, N.G., 2006: Satellites, settlements and human health. Remote Sensing of Human Settlements: Manual of Remote Sensing, M. Ridd and J.D. Hipple, Eds., American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland, 379-399. [NPR]

McGregor, G.R., 1999: Basic meteorology. Air Pollution and Health, S.T. Holgate, J. Samet, H. Koren and R.L. Maynard, Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, California, 21-49. [NPR, SRC]

McKee, M. and M. Suhrcke, 2005: Commentary: health and economic transition. Int. J. Epidemiol., 34, 1203-1206. Clean

McLaughlin, J.B., A. DePaola, C.A. Bopp, K.A. Martinek, N.P. Napolilli, C.G. Allison, S.L. Murray, E.C. Thompson, M.M. Bird and J.P. Middaugh, 2005: Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. New Engl. J. Med., 353, 1463-1470. Clean

McMichael, A., 2004: Climate change. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease due to Selected Major Risk Factors, Vol. 2, M. Ezzati, A. Lopez, A. Rodgers and C. Murray, Eds., World Health Organization, Geneva, 1543-1649. [NPR, SRC]

McMichael, A., A. Githeko, R. Akhtar, R. Carcavallo, D.J. Gubler, A. Haines, R.S. Kovats, P. Martens, J. Patz, A. Sasaki, K. Ebi, D. Focks, L.S. Kalkstein, E. Lindgren, L.R. Lindsay and R. Sturrock, 2001: Human population health. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 453-485. [NPR, SRC]

McMichael, A.J., D. Campbell-Lendrum, C. Corvalan, K. Ebi, A. Githeko, J. Scheraga and A. Woodward, Eds., 2003a: Climate Change and Human Health: Risk and Responses. World Health Organization, Geneva, 333 pp. [NPR, SRC]

McMichael, A.J., R. Woodruff, P. Whetton, K. Hennessy, N. Nicholls, S. Hales, A. Woodward and T. Kjellstrom, 2003b: Human Health and Climate Change in Oceania: Risk Assessment 2002. Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, 128 pp. [NPR, SRC]

McMichael, A.J., M. McKee, V. Shkolnikov and T. Valkonen, 2004: Mortality trends and setbacks: global convergence or divergence? Lancet, 363, 1155-1159. [SRC]

McMichael, A.J., R.E. Woodruff and S. Hales, 2006: Climate change and human health: present and future risks. Lancet, 367, 859-869. [MoS, SRC]

Meehl, G.A. and C. Tebaldi, 2004: More intense, more frequent and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Nature, 305, 994-997. [JoC, ARC]

Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W.D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J.M. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J.M. Murphy, A. Noda, S.C.B. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A.J. Weaver and Z.-C. Zhao, 2007: Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747-846. [NPR, ARC, 2007]

Menne, B., 2000: Floods and public health consequences, prevention and control measures. UN 2000 (MP.WAT/SEM.2/1999/22). [NPR, SRC]

Menne, B. and R. Bertollini, 2000: The health impacts of desertification and drought. Down to Earth, 14, 4-6. [SRC]

Menne, B. and R. Bertollini, 2005: Health and climate change: a call for action. Brit. Med. J., 331, 1283-1284. [SRC]

Michelon, T., P. Magne and F. Simon-Delavelle, 2005: Lessons from the 2003 heat wave in France and action taken to limit the effects of future heat wave. Extreme Weather Events and Public Health Responses, W. Kirch, B. Menne and R. Bertolllini, Eds., Springer, Berlin, 131-140. [NPR]

Michelozzi, P., F. de Donato, G. Accetta, F. Forastiere, M. D’Ovido and L.S. Kalkstein, 2004: Impact of heat waves on mortality: Rome, Italy, June–August 2003. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 291, 2537-2538. Clean

Michelozzi, P., F. de Donato, L. Bisanti, A. Russo, E. Cadum, M. Demaria, M. D’Ovidio, G. Costa and C. Perucci, 2005: The impact of the summer 2003 heat waves on mortality in four Italian cities. EuroSurveillance, 10, 161-165. Clean

Mickley, L.J., D.J. Jacob, B.D. Field and D. Rind, 2004: Effects of future climate change on regional air pollution episodes in the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, L24103. [JoC, MoS]

Miettinen, I.T., O. Zacheus, C.H. von Bonsdorff and T. Vartiainen, 2001: Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999. Water Sci. Technol., 43, 67-71. Clean

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios. Findings of the Scenarios Working Group Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series, Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 515 pp. [NPR]

Ministry of Environment and Forest and Government of India, 2004: India’s Initial National Communication to the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change. Government of India, New Delhi, 292 pp. [NPR]

Mohan, J.E., L.H. Ziska, W.H. Schlesinger, R.B. Thomas, R.C. Sicher, K. George and J.S. Clark, 2006: Biomass and toxicity responses of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) to elevated atmospheric CO₂. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 9086-9089. [JoC]

Mohanty, P. and U. Panda, 2003: Heatwave in Orissa: A Study Based on Heat Indices and Synoptic Features – Heatwave Conditions in Orissa. Regional Research Laboratory, Institute of Mathematics and Applications, Bubaneshwar, 15 pp. [NPR]

Molesworth, A.M., M.H. Djingary and M.C. Thomson, 2001: Seasonality in meningococcal disease in Niger, West Africa: a preliminary investigation. GEOMED 1999, Paris. Elsevier, 92-97. [NPR, SRC]

Molesworth, A.M., L.E. Cuevas, A.P. Morse, J.R. Herman and M.C. Thomson, 2002a: Dust clouds and spread of infection. Lancet, 359, 81-82. [SRC]

Molesworth, A.M., M.C. Thomson, S.J. Connor, M.P. Cresswell, A.P. Morse, P. Shears, C.A. Hart and L.E. Cuevas, 2002b: Where is the meningitis belt? Defining an area at risk of epidemic meningitis in Africa. T. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. H., 96, 242-249. [SRC]

Molesworth, A.M., L.E. Cuevas, S.J. Connor, A.P. Morse and M.C. Thomson, 2003: Environmental risk and meningitis epidemics in Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 1287-1293. [SRC]

Mollica, R.F., B.L. Cardozo, H. Osofsky, B. Raphael, A. Ager and P. Salama, 2004: Mental health in complex emergencies. Lancet, 364, 2058-2067. Clean

Mondal, N., M. Biswas and A. Manna, 2001: Risk factors of diarrhoea among flood victims: a controlled epidemiological study. Indian J. Public Health, 45, 122-127. Clean

Moore, D., R. Copes, R. Fisk, R. Joy, K. Chan and M. Brauer, 2006: Population health effects of air quality changes due to forest fires in British Columbia in 2003: Estimates from physician-visit billing data. Can. J. Public Health, 97, 105-108. [MoS]

Moore, J.E., D. Gilpin, E. Crothers, A. Canney, A. Kaneko and M. Matsuda, 2002: Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in seagulls (Larus spp.). Vector-Borne Zoonot., 2, 111-114. Clean

Moore, K., A. Clarke, V. Kapustin and S. Howell, 2003: Long-range transport of continental plumes over the Pacific Basin: aerosol physiochemistry and optical properties during PEM-Tropics A and B. J. Geophys. Res. D, 108, 8236. Clean

Moreno, J., 2005: A preliminary assessment of the impacts in Spain due to the effects of climate change. ECCE Project Final Report. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ministry of the Environment, Madrid, 741 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Morris, C.J.G. and I. Simmonds, 2000: Associations between varying magnitudes of the urban heat island and the synoptic climatology in Melbourne, Australia. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1931-1954. [JoC]

Mott, J.A., D.M. Mannino, C.J. Alverson, A. Kiyu, J. Hashim, T. Lee, K. Falter and S.C. Redd, 2005: Cardiorespiratory hospitalizations associated with smoke exposure during the 1997 Southeast Asian forest fires. Int. J. Hyg. Envir. Heal., 208, 75-85. Clean

Mouchet, J., O. Faye, J. Juivez and S. Manguin, 1996: Drought and malaria retreat in the Sahel, West Africa. Lancet, 348, 1735-1736. Clean

Mudway, I.S. and F.J. Kelly, 2000: Ozone and the lung: a sensitive issue. Mol. Aspects Med., 21, 1-48. Clean

Murano, K., H. Mukai, S. Hatakeyama, E. Jang and I. Uno, 2000: Trans-boundary air pollution over remote islands in Japan: observed data and estimates from a numerical model. Atmos. Environ., 34, 5139-5149. [MoS]

Mutero, C.M., C. Kabutha, V. Kimani, L. Kabuage, G. Gitau, J. Ssennyonga, J. Githure, L. Muthami, A. Kaida, L. Musyoka, E. Kiarie and M. Oganda, 2004: A transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in Kenya. Acta Trop., 89, 171-186. Clean

Nagendra, S. and M. Khare, 2003: Diurnal and seasonal variations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in Delhi city. Int. J. Environ. Pollut., 19, 75-96. Clean

Nakićenović, N. and R. Swart, Eds., 2000: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 599 pp. [NPR]

National Environment Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan, UNDP and GEF, 2006: Bhutan National Adaptation Programme of Action. National Environment Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, 95 pp. [NPR]

Nayha, S., 2005: Environmental temperature and mortality. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 64, 451-458. Clean

Nchito, M., P. Kelly, S. Sianongo, N.P. Luo, R. Feldman, M. Farthing and K.S. Baboo, 1998: Cryptosporidiosis in urban Zambian children: an analysis of risk factors. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 59, 435-437. Clean

Ndiaye, O., J.Y. Hesran, J.F. Etard, A. Diallo, F. Simondon, M.N. Ward and V. Robert, 2001: Climate variability and number of deaths at attributable to malaria in Niakhar area, Senegal, from 1984 to 1996 (in French). Santé, 11, 25-33. Clean

Nicholls, N., C. Butler and I. Hanigan, 2005: Inter-annual rainfall variations and suicide in New South Wales, Australia, 1964 to 2001. Int. J. Biometeorol., 50, 139-143. Clean

Nicholls, R.J., 2003: An expert assessment of storm surge “hotspots”. Interim Report to Center for Hazards and Risk Research, Lamont-Doherty Observatory, Columbia University. Flood Hazard Research Centre, University of Middlesex, London, 10 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Nicholls, R.J., 2004: Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environ. Chang., 14, 69-86. [JoC, ARC]

Nickels, S., C. Furgal and J. Castleden, 2003: Putting the human face on climate change through community workshops: Inuit knowledge, partnerships and research. The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, Eds., Arctic Studies Centre, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, 300-344. [NPR, SRC]

Nilsson, E., J. Paatero and M. Boy, 2001a: Effects of air masses and synoptic weather on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer. Tellus B, 53, 462-478. Clean

Nilsson, E., U. Rannik, M. Kulmala and G. Buzorius, 2001b: Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, turbulence and entrainment, on aerosol formation. Tellus B, 53, 441-461. Clean

Niskanen, T., J. Waldenstrom, M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, B. Olsen and H. Korkeala, 2003: virF-positive Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica found in migratory birds in Sweden. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 4670-4675. Clean

Nordhaus, W.D., 1991: To slow or not to slow: the economics of the greenhouse effect. Econ. J., 101, 920-937. Clean

Nordhaus, W.D. and J. Boyer, 2000: Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 246 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Norris, F.H., A.D. Murphy, C.K. Baker and J.L. Perilla, 2004: Postdisaster PTSD over four waves of a panel study of Mexico’s 1999 flood. J. Trauma. Stress, 17, 283-292. Clean

North, C.S., A. Kawasaki, E.L. Spitznagel and B.A. Hong, 2004: The course of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse, and somatization after a natural disaster. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 192, 823-829. Clean

Obiri-Danso, K., N. Paul and K. Jones, 2001: The effects of UVB and temperature on the survival of natural populations and pure cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli, Camp. lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) in surface waters. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90, 256-267. Clean

OCHA, 2003: India: Heat Wave – Occurred: 20 May 2003–5 June 2003. OCHA Situation Report No.1. http://cidi.org/disaster/03a/ixl131.html. [NPR]

Ogden, N.H., A. Maarouf, I.K. Barker, M. Bigras-Poulin, L.R. Lindsay, M.G. Morshed, C.J. O’Callaghan, F. Ramay, D. Waltner-Toews and D.F. Charron, 2006: Climate change and the potential for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis in Canada. Int. J. Parasitol., 36, 63-70. Clean

Ohl, C.A. and S. Tapsell, 2000: Flooding and human health. Brit. Med. J., 321, 1167-1168. Clean

Olmos, S., 2001: Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: concepts, issues, assessment methods. Climate Change Knowledge Network Foundation Paper, Oslo, 20 pp. [NPR]

Olsen, B., D.C. Duffy, T.G.T. Jaenson, A. Gylfe, J. Bonnedahl and S. Bergstrom, 1995: Transhemispheric exchange of Lyme-disease spirochetes by seabirds. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33, 3270-3274. Clean

Olshansky, S.J., B.A. Carnes and C. Cassel, 1998: The future of long life. Science, 281, 1612-3, 1613-1615. [JoC, MoS]

Pal Arya, S., 2000: Air pollution meteorology and dispersion. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 94, 171-172. Clean

Pardue, J., W. Moe, D. McInnis, L. Thibodeaux, K. Valsaraj, E. Maciasz, I. van Heerden, N. Korevec and Q. Yuan, 2005: Chemical and microbiological parameters in New Orleans floodwater following Hurricane Katrina. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8591-8599. Clean

Parkinson, A.J. and J.C. Butler, 2005: Potential impacts of climate change on infectious diseases in the Arctic. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 64, 478-486. Clean

Parmesan, C. and G. Yohe, 2003: A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421, 37-42. [JoC, ARC]

Pascual, M., X. Rodo, S.P. Ellner, R. Colwell and M.J. Bouma, 2000: Cholera dynamics and El Niño Southern Oscillation. Science, 289, 1766-1767. [JoC, ARC]

Pascual, M., J.A. Ahumada, L.F. Chaves, X. Rodo and M. Bouma, 2006: Malaria resurgence in the East African highlands: temperature trends revisited. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5829-5834. [JoC, ARC]

Pattenden, S., B. Nikiforov and B.G. Armstrong, 2003: Mortality and temperature in Sofia and London. J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 57, 628-633. Clean

Patz, J.A., 2002: A human disease indicator for the effects of recent global climate change. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 12506-12508. [JoC, ARC]

Pejoch, M. and B. Kriz, 2006: Ecology, epidemiology and prevention of Hantavirus in Europe. Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health, B. Menne and K.L. Ebi, Eds., Steinkopff, Darmstadt, 243-265. [NPR]

People’s Health Movement, Medact, Global Equity Gauge Alliance and Zed Books, 2005: Global Health Watch 2005–2006: An Alternative World Health Report. London and New York, 368 pp. [NPR]

Peperzak, L., 2005: Future increase in harmful algal blooms in the North Sea due to climate change. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 31. [MoS]

Pereira, L.E., A. Suzuki, T. Lisieux, M. Coimbra, R.P. de Souza and E.L.B. Chamelet, 2001: Ilheus arbovirus in wild birds (Sporophila caerulescens and Molothrus bonariensis). Rev. Saude Publ., 35, 119-123. Clean

Pitcher, H., K. Ebi and A. Brenkert, 2007: Population health model for integrated assessment models. Climatic Change. doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9286-8. [NPR, SRC, 2007]

Pontes, R.J., J. Freeman, J.W. Oliveira-Lima, J.C. Hodgson and A. Spielman, 2000: Vector densities that potentiate dengue outbreaks in a Brazilian city. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 62, 378-383. Clean

Pope, C.A., R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, E.E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito and G.D. Thurston, 2002: Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 287, 1132-1141. Clean

Prather, M., M. Gauss, T. Berntsen, I. Isaksen, J. Sundet, I. Bey, G. Brasseur, F. Dentener, R. Derwent, D. Stevenson, L. Grenfell, D. Hauglustaine, L. Horowitz, D. Jacob, L. Mickley, M. Lawrence, R. von Kuhlmann, J.-F. Muller, G. Pitari, H. Rogers, M. Johnson, J. Pyle, K. Law, M. van Weele and O. Wild, 2003: Fresh air in the 21st century? Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1100. [JoC]

Programa Nacional de Cambios Climaticos Componente Salud, Viceministerio de Medio Ambiente and Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Forestal, 2000: Vulnerabilidad y adaptacion de al salud humana ante los efectos del cambio climatico en Bolivia [Vulnerability and Adaptation to Protect Human Health from Effects of Climate Change in Bolivia]. Programa Nacional de Cambios Climaticos Componente Salud, Viceministerio de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Forestal, 111 pp. [NPR]

Prospero, J.M., E. Blades, G. Mathison and R. Naidu, 2005: Interhemispheric transport of viable fungi and bacteria from Africa to the Caribbean with soil dust. Aerobiologia, 21, 1-19. Clean

Prüss-Üstün, A., H. Zeeb, C. Mathers and M. Repacholi, Eds., 2006: Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Global Burden of Disease from Ultraviolet Radiation. Environmental Burden of Disease Series, Vol. 13. World Health Organization, Geneva, 285 pp. [NPR]

Qiu, D., T. Tanihata, H. Aoyama, T. Fujita, Y. Inaba and M. Minowa, 2002: Relationship between a high mortality rate and extreme heat during the summer of 1999 in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. J. Epidemiol., 12, 254-257. Clean

Ramsey, J., 1995: Task performance in heat: a review. Ergonomics, 38, 154-165. Clean

Ramsey, J., C. Burford, M. Beshir and R. Hensen, 1983: Effects of workplace thermal conditions on safe working behavior. J. Safety Res., 14, 105-114. Clean

Randolph, S.E., 2001: The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 356, 1045-1056. Clean

Randolph, S.E., 2004: Evidence that climate change has caused ‘emergence’ of tick-borne diseases in Europe? Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293, S5-S15. Clean

Randolph, S.E. and D.J. Rogers, 2000: Fragile transmission cycles of tick-borne encephalitis virus may be disrupted by predicted climate change. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 267, 1741-1744. [MoS]

Ranhoff, A.H., 2000: Accidental hypothermia in the elderly. Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 59, 255-259. Clean

Rao, S., J. Ku, S. Berman, D. Zhang and H. Mao, 2003: Summertime characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer and relationships to ozone levels over the eastern United States. Pure Appl. Geophys., 160, 21-55. Clean

Rappengluck, B., P. Oyola, I. Olaeta and P. Fabian, 2000: The evolution of photochemical smog in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 275-290. Clean

Rappole, J.H. and Z. Hubalek, 2003: Migratory birds and West Nile virus. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 47S-58S. Clean

Reacher, M., K. McKenzie, C. Lane, T. Nichols, I. Kedge, A. Iverson, P. Hepple, T. Walter, C. Laxton and J. Simpson, 2004: Health impacts of flooding in Lewes: a comparison of reported gastrointestinal and other illness and mental health in flooded and non flooded households. Communicable Disease and Public Health, 7, 1-8. Clean

Reed, K.D., J.K. Meece, J.S. Henkel and S.K. Shukla, 2003: Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West Nile virus, Lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Clin. Med. Res., 1, 5-12. Clean

Regidor, E., 2004a: Measures of health inequalities: part 2. J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 58, 900-903. Clean

Regidor, E., 2004b: Measures of health inequalities: part 1. J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 58, 858-861. Clean

Reiter, P., C.J. Thomas, P. Atkinson, S.E. Randolph, D.J. Rogers, G.D. Shanks, R.W. Snow and A. Spielman, 2004: Global warming and malaria: a call for accuracy. Lancet Infect. Dis., 4, 323. Clean

Riedel, D., 2004: Human health and well-being. Climate Change: Impacts and Adaptation A – Canadian Perspective, D. Lemmen and F. Warren, Eds., Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Directorate, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, 151-171. [NPR]

Rockstrom, J., 2003: Water for food and nature in drought-prone tropics: vapour shift in rain-fed agriculture. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 358, 1997-2009. Clean

Rodo, X., M. Pascual, G. Fuchs and A.S.G. Faruque, 2002: ENSO and cholera: a nonstationary link related to climate change? P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 12901-12906. [JoC, ARC]

Rogers, C., P. Wayne, E. Macklin, M. Muilenberg, C. Wagner, P. Epstein and F. Bazzaz, 2006a: Interaction of the onset of spring and elevated atmospheric CO₂ on ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) pollen production. Environ. Health Persp., 114, 865-869. doi:10.1289/ehp.8549. Clean

Rogers, D.J. and S.E. Randolph, 2000: The global spread of malaria in a future, warmer world. Science, 289, 1763-1765. [JoC, MoS]

Rogers, D.J. and S.E. Randolph, 2006: Climate change and vector-borne diseases. Adv. Parasitol., 62, 345-381. Clean

Rogers, D.J., A.J. Wilson, S.I. Hay and A.J. Graham, 2006b: The global distribution of yellow fever and dengue. Adv. Parasitol., 62, 181-220. Clean

Rosegrant, M.W. and S.A. Cline, 2003: Global food security: challenges and policies. Science, 302, 1917-1919. [JoC]

Ryall, D.B., R.G. Derwent, A.J. Manning, A.L. Redington, J. Corden, W. Millington, P.G. Simmonds, S. O’Doherty, N. Carslaw and G.W. Fuller, 2002: The origin of high particulate concentrations over the United Kingdom, March 2000. Atmos. Environ., 36, 1363-1378. Clean

Rybnicek, O. and S. Jaeger, 2001: Ambrosia (ragweed) in Europe. ACI International, 13, 60-66. Clean

Sachs, J., 2001: Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Report of the Commission on Macro Economics and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, 208 pp. [NPR]

Samanek, A.J., E.J. Croager, P. Giesfor, E. Milne, R. Prince, A.J. McMichael, R.M. Lucas and T. Slevin, 2006: Estimates of beneficial and harmful sun exposure times during the year for major Australian population centres. Med. J. Australia, 184, 338-341. [MoS, SRC]

Samarasinghe, J., 2001: Heat stroke in young adults. Trop. Doct., 31, 217-219. Clean

Sapkota, A., J.M. Symons, J. Kleissl, L. Wang, M.B. Parlange, J. Ondov, P.N. Breysse, G.B. Diette, P.A. Eggleston and T.J. Buckley, 2005: Impact of the 2002 Canadian forest fires on particulate matter air quality in Baltimore city. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 24-32. Clean

Sarkar, U., S.F. Nascimento, R. Barbosa, R. Martins, H. Nuevo, I. Kalafanos, I. Grunstein, B. Flannery, J. Dias, L.W. Riley, M.G. Reis and A.I. Ko, 2002: Population-based case-control investigation of risk factors for leptospirosis during an urban epidemic. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 66, 605-610. Clean

Sastry, N., 2002: Forest fires, air pollution, and mortality in Southeast Asia. Demography, 39, 1-23. Clean

Scheraga, J.S., K.L. Ebi, J. Furlow and A.R. Moreno, 2003: From science to policy: developing responses to climate change. Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses, A. McMichael, D. Campbell-Lendrum, C. Corvalan, K.L. Ebi, A.K. Githeko, J.S. Scheraga and A. Woodward, Eds., World Health Organization, Geneva, 237-266. [NPR, SRC]

Schichtel, B. and R. Husar, 2001: Eastern North American transport climatology during high- and low-ozone days. Atmos. Environ., 35, 1029-1038. Clean

Schultz, J.M., J. Russell and Z. Espine, 2005: Epidemiology of tropical cyclones: the dynamics of disaster, disease and development. Epidemiol. Rev., 27, 21-35. Clean

Schwartz, B.S., J.B. Harris, A.I. Khan, R.C. Larocque, D.A. Sack, M.A. Malek, A.S. Faruque, F. Qadri, S.B. Calderwood, S.P. Luby and E.T. Ryan, 2006: Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 74, 1067-1073. Clean

Schwartz, J. and R. Levin, 1999: Drinking water turbidity and health. Epidemiology, 10, 86-89. Clean

Schwartz, J., R. Levin and R. Goldstein, 2000: Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia. J. Epidemiol. Commun. H., 54, 45-51. Clean

Scott, G.M. and R.D. Diab, 2000: Forecasting air pollution potential: a synoptic climatological approach. J. Air Waste Manage., 50, 1831-1842. [MoS]

Semenov, S.M., E.S. Gelver and V.V. Yasyukevich, 2002: Temperature conditions for development of two species of malaria pathogens in Russia in 20th century. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 387, 131-136. [ARC]

Sénat, 2004: La France et les Français face a la canicule: les leçons d’une crise [France and the French facing the heat wave: lessons from a crisis]. Rapport d’Information No. 195 (2003–2004) de Mme Letard, M.M. Flandre, S. Lepeltier, fait au nom de la mission commune d’information du Senat, depose le 3 Fevrier 2004. http://www.senat.fr/rap/r03-195/r03-1951.pdf. [NPR]

Senhorst, H.A. and J.J. Zwolsman, 2005: Climate change and effects on water quality: a first impression. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 53-59. Clean

Shah, I., G.C. Deshpande and P.N. Tardeja, 2004: Outbreak of dengue in Mumbai and predictive markers for dengue shock syndrome. J. Trop. Pediatrics, 50, 301-305. [MoS]

Shanks, G.D., S.I. Hay, D.I. Stern, K. Biomndo and R.W. Snow, 2002: Meteorologic influences on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the highland tea estates of Kericho, Western Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8, 1404-1408. Clean

Shanks, N. and G. Papworth, 2001: Environmental factors and heatstroke. Occup. Med., 51, 45-49. Clean

Shinn, E.A., D.W. Griffin and D.B. Seba, 2003: Atmospheric transport of mold spores in clouds of desert dust. Arch. Environ. Health, 58, 498-504. Clean

Sillett, T.S., R.T. Holmes and T.W. Sherry, 2000: Impacts of a global climate cycle on population dynamics of a migratory songbird. Science, 288, 2040-2042. [JoC]

Singer, B.D., L.H. Ziska, D.A. Frenz, D.E. Gebhard and J.G. Straka, 2005: Increasing Amb a 1 content in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen as a function of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Funct. Plant Biol., 32, 667-670. Clean

Singh, N. and V.P. Sharma, 2002: Patterns of rainfall and malaria in Madhya Pradesh, central India. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 965, 349-359. Clean

Singh, R., S. Hales, N. de Wet, R. Raj, M. Hearnden and P. Weinstein, 2001: The influence of climate variation and change on diarrhoeal disease in the pacific islands. Environ. Health Persp., 109, 155-159. [SRC]

Skarphedinsson, S., P.M. Jensen and K. Kristiansen, 2005: Survey of tick borne infections in Denmark. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 11, 1055-1061. Clean

Slanina, S. and Y. Zhang, 2004: Aerosols: connection between regional climate change and air quality. IUPAC Technical Report. Pure Appl. Chem., 76, 1241-1253. Clean

Small, C. and R.J. Nicholls, 2003: A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. J. Coastal Res., 19, 584-599. [ARC]

Smith, K.R., J. Zhang, R. Uma, V.V.N. Kishore and M.A.K. Khalil, 2000: Greenhouse implications of household fuels: an analysis for India. Annu. Rev. Energ. Env., 25, 741-763. [SRC]

Smith, K.R., S. Mehta and M. Maeusezahl-Feuz, 2004: Indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors, M. Ezzati, A.D. Lopez, A. Rodgers and C.J.L. Murray, Eds., World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1435-1494. [NPR, SRC]

Smith, K.R., J. Rogers and S.C. Cowlin, 2005: Household Fuels and Ill-Health in Developing Countries: What Improvements can be Brought by LP Gas? World LP Gas Association and Intermediate Technology Development Group, Paris, 59 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Socioambiental, 2006: Seca na Amazônia: alguma coisa está fora da ordem. http://www.socioambiental.org/nsa/detalhe?id=2123. [NPR]

Sorogin, V.P. and Co-authors, 1993: Problemy Ohrany Zdoroviya i Socialnye Aspecty Osvoeniya Gazovyh i Neftyanyh Mestorozhdenij v Arcticheskih Regionah [Problems of Public Health and Social Aspects of Exploration of Oil and Natural Gas Deposits in Arctic Regions]. Nadym. [NPR]

Sousounis, J., C. Scott and M. Wilson, 2002: Possible climate change impacts on ozone in the Great Lakes region: some implications for respiratory illness. J. Great Lakes Res., 28, 626-642. Clean

Speelmon, E.C., W. Checkley, R.H. Gilman, J. Patz, M. Calderon and S. Manga, 2000: Cholera incidence and El Niño-related higher ambient temperature. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 283, 3072-3074. [ARC]

Stapp, P., M. Antolin and M. Ball, 2004: Patterns of extinction in prairie dog metapopulations: plague outbreaks follow El Niño events. Front. Ecol. Environ., 2, 235-240. Clean

Steenvoorden, J. and T. Endreny, 2004: Wastewater Re-use and Groundwater quality. IAHS Publication 285, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, 112 pp. [NPR]

Stenseth, N., 2006: Plague dynamics are driven by climate variations. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1003, 13110-13115. [JoC]

Stevenson, D.S., C.E. Johnson, W.J. Collins, R.G. Derwent and J.M. Edwards, 2000: Future estimates of tropospheric ozone radiative forcing and methane turnover: the impact of climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2073-2076. [JoC, MoS]

Stohl, A., L. Haimberger, M. Scheele and H. Wernli, 2001: An intercomparison of results from three trajectory models. Meteorol. Appl., 8, 127-135. [MoS]

Suh, H.H., T. Bahadori, J. Vallarino and J.D. Spengler, 2000: Criteria air pollutants and toxic air pollutants. Environ. Health Persp., 108, 625-633. Clean

Sultan, B., K. Labadi, J.F. Guegan and S. Janicot, 2005: Climate drives the meningitis epidemics onset in west Africa. PLoS Med., 2, e6. doi: 10.1371/journal. pmed.0020006 Clean

Sumilo, D., A. Bormane, L. Asokliene, I. Lucenko, V. Vasilenko and S. Randolph, 2006: Tick-borne encephalitis in the Baltic States: identifying risk factors in space and time. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 296, 76-79. Clean

Sur, D., P. Dutta, G.B. Nair and S.K. Bhattacharya, 2000: Severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of West Bengal. Indian J. Med. Res., 112, 178-182. Clean

Sutherst, R.W., 2004: Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17, 136. Clean

Syri, S., N. Karvosenoja, A. Lehtila, T. Laurila, V. Lindfors and J.P. Tuovinen, 2002: Modeling the impacts of the Finnish Climate Strategy on air pollution. Atmos. Environ., 36, 3059-3069. [MoS]

Szreter, S., 2004: Industrialization and health. Brit. Med. Bull., 69, 75-86. Clean

Taha, H., 2001: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropospheric Ozone in California: A Preliminary Episodic Modeling Assessment of the Los Angeles Basin and the Sacramento Valley. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California, 39 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Takemura, T., T. Nakajima, T. Nozawa and K. Aoki, 2001: Simulation of future aerosol distribution, radioactive forcing, and long-range transport in East Asia. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 79, 1139-1155. [MoS]

Tam, C., L. Rodrigues, S. O’Brien and S. Hajat, 2006: Temperature dependence of reported Campylobacter infection in England, 1989–1999. Epidemiol. Infect., 134, 119-125. Clean

Tanner, P. and P. Law, 2002: Effects of synoptic weather systems upon the air quality in an Asian megacity. Water Air Soil Pollut, 136, 105-124. Clean

Tanser, F.C., B. Sharp and D. Le Sueur, 2003: Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa. Lancet Infect. Dis., 362, 1792-1798. Clean

Tapsell, S., E. Penning-Rowsell, S. Tunstall and T. Wilson, 2002: Vulnerability to flooding: health and social dimensions. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 360, 1511-1525. Clean

Taramarcaz, P., B. Lambelet, B. Clot, C. Keimer and C. Hauser, 2005: Ragweed (Ambrosia) progression and its health risks: will Switzerland resist this invasion? Swiss Med. Wkly., 135, 538-548. [SRC]

Teklehaimanot, H., J. Schwartz, A. Teklehaimanot and A. Lipsitch, 2004: Weather-based prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of Ethiopia. Malaria J., 3. [NPR, MoS]

Thomas, C.J., G. Davies and C.E. Dunn, 2004: Mixed picture for changes in stable malaria distribution with future climate in Africa. Trends Parasitol., 20, 216-220. [MoS]

Thommen Dombois, O. and C. Braun-Fahrlaender, 2004: Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen der Klimaaenderung mit Relevanz fuer die Schweiz [Health Impacts of Climate Change with Relevance for Switzerland]. Insititut fuer Sozial- und Preventivmedizin der Universitaet Basel, Bundesamt fuer Gesundheit, Bundesamt fuer Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Basel, 85 pp. [NPR]

Thomson, M.C., S.J. Mason, T. Phindela and S.J. Connor, 2005: Use of rainfall and sea surface temperature monitoring for malaria early warning in Botswana. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73, 214-221. [SRC]

Thomson, M.C., F.J. Doblas-Reyes, S.J. Mason, R. Hagedorn, S.J. Connor, T. Phindela, A.P. Morse and T.N. Palmer, 2006: Malaria early warnings based on seasonal climate forecasts from multi-model ensembles. Nature, 439, 576-579. [JoC, MoS, SRC]

Tol, R.S., 1995: The damage costs of climate change toward more comprehensive calculations. Environ. Resour. Econ., 5, 353-374. Clean

Tol, R.S., 1996: The damage costs of climate change towards a dynamic representation. Ecol. Econ., 19, 67-90. Clean

Tol, R.S., 2002a: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change. Part II. Dynamic estimates. Environ. Resour. Econ., 21, 135-160. [MoS]

Tol, R.S., 2002b: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change. Part I. Benchmark estimates. Environ. Resour. Econ., 21, 47-73. [MoS]

Tu, F., D. Thornton, A. Brandy and G. Carmichael, 2004: Long-range transport of sulphur dioxide in the central Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. D, 109, D15S08. Clean

Turpie, J., H. Winkler, R. Spalding-Fecher and G. Midgley, 2002: Economic Impacts of Climate Change in South Africa: A Preliminary Analysis of Unmitigated Costs. Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting, Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 64 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Tuyet, D.T., V.D. Thiem, L. Von Seidlein, A. Chowdhury, E. Park, D.G. Canh, B.T. Chien, T. Van Tung, A. Naficy, M.R. Rao, M. Ali, H. Lee, T.H. Sy, M. Nichibuchi, J. Clemens and D.D. Trach, 2002: Clinical, epidemiological, and socioeconomic analysis of an outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. J. Infect. Dis., 186, 1615-1620. Clean

UN, 2000: Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. 32 pp. http://www.unece.org/env?/water/pdf/ watercon.pdf. [NPR]

UN, 2006a: The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, DESA, New York, 32 pp. [NPR]

UN, 2006b: Executive summary, fact sheets, data tables. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. United Nations, New York, 210 pp. [NPR]

UN Millennium Project, 2005: Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Earthscan, London, 329 pp. [NPR]

UNDP, 2005: World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. III. UNDP, New York, 105 pp. [NPR]

UNEP, 2002: Synthesis GEO-3: Global Environmental Outlook 3. United Nations Environment Programme. Earthscan, London, 20 pp. [NPR]

UNEP and WCMC, 2002: Human Development Report 2002: Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 276 pp. [NPR]

United Nations World Water Assessment Programme, 2003: Water for People: Water for Life. United Nations World Water Development Report. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Berghan Books, Barcelona, 529 pp. [NPR]

Unsworth, J., R. Wauchope, A. Klein, E. Dorn, B. Zeeh, S. Yeh, M. Akerblom, K. Racke and B. Rubin, 2003: Significance of the long range transport of pesticides in the atmosphere. Pest. Manag. Sci., 58, 314. Clean

van der Pligt, J., E.C.M. van Schie and R. Hoevenagel, 1998: Understanding and valuing environmental issues: the effects of availability and anchoring on judgment. Z. Exp. Psychol., 45, 286-302. Clean

van Lieshout, M., R.S. Kovats, M.T.J. Livermore and P. Martens, 2004: Climate change and malaria: analysis of the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environ. Chang., 14, 87-99. [JoC]

Vanasco, N.B., S. Fusco, J.C. Zanuttini, S. Manattini, M.L. Dalla Fontana, J. Prez, D. Cerrano and M.D. Sequeira, 2002: Human leptospirosis outbreak after an inundation at Reconquista (Santa Fe), 1998 (in Spanish). Rev. Argent. Microbiol., 34, 124. Clean

Vandentorren, S. and P. Empereur-Bissonnet, 2005: Health impact of the 2003 heat-wave in France. Extreme Weather Events and Public Health Responses, W. Kirch, B. Menne and R. Bertollini, Eds., Springer, 81-88. [NPR]

Vandentorren, S., F. Suzan, S. Medina, M. Pascal, A. Maulpoix, J.-C. Cohen and M. Ledrans, 2004: Mortality in 13 French cities during the August 2003 heatwave. Am. J. Public Health, 94, 1518-1520. Clean

Vapalahti, O., J. Mustonen, A. Lundkvist, H. Henttonen, A. Plyusnin and A. Vaheri, 2003: Hantavirus infections in Europe. Lancet Infect. Dis., 3, 653-661. Clean

Vasilev, V., 2003: Variability of Shigella flexneri serotypes during a period in Israel, 2000–2001. Epidemiol. Infect., 132, 51-56. Clean

Viscusi, W.K. and J.E. Aldy, 2003: The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world. J. Risk Uncertainty, 27, 5-76. [MoS]

Visser, M.E., C. Both and M.M. Lambrechts, 2004: Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction. Adv. Ecol. Res., 35, 89-110. Clean

Vollaard, A.M., S. Ali, H.A.G.H. van Asten, S. Widjaja, L.G. Visser, C. Surjadi and J.T. van Dissel, 2004: Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 291, 2607-2615. Clean

Voltolini, S., P. Minale, C. Troise, D. Bignardi, P. Modena, D. Arobba and A. Negrini, 2000: Trend of herbaceous pollen diffusion and allergic sensitisation in Genoa, Italy. Aerobiologia, 16, 245-249. Clean

Wade, T.J., S.K. Sandhu, D. Levy, S. Lee, M.W. LeChevallier, L. Katz and J.M. Colford, 2004: Did a severe flood in the Midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? Am. J. Epidemiol., 159, 398-405. Clean

Wan, S.Q., T. Yuan, S. Bowdish, L. Wallace, S.D. Russell and Y.Q. Luo, 2002: Response of an allergenic species Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae), to experimental warming and clipping: implications for public health. Am. J. Bot. 89, 1843-1846. Clean

Wayne, P., S. Foster, J. Connolly, F. Bazzaz and P. Epstein, 2002: Production of allergenic pollen by ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is increased in CO₂-enriched atmospheres. Ann. Allergy. Asthma Im., 88, 279-282. Clean

Weber, R.W., 2002: Mother Nature strikes back: global warming, homeostasis, and implications for allergy. Ann. Allergy. Asthma Im., 88, 251-252. Clean

Webster, M.D., M. Babiker, M. Mayer, J.M. Reilly, J. Harnisch, R. Hyman, M.C. Sarofim and C. Wang, 2002a: Uncertainty in emissions projections for climate models. Atmos. Environ., 36, 3659-3670. [MoS]

Webster, M.S., P.P. Marra, S.M. Haig, S. Bensch and R.T. Holmes, 2002b: Links between worlds: unravelling migratory connectivity. Trends Ecol. Evol., 17, 76-83. Clean

West, J.J., P. Osnaya, I. Laguna, J. Martinez and A. Fernandez, 2004: Co-control of urban air pollutants and greenhouse gases in Mexico City. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3474-3481. Clean

White, R., 2003: Commentary: What can we make of an association between human immunodeficiency virus prevalence and population mobility? Int. J. Epidemiol., 32, 753-754. Clean

WHO, 2001: World Health Report 2001: Mental Health – New Understanding, New Hope. World Health Organization, Geneva, 178 pp. [NPR]

WHO, 2002a: Injury Chart Book: Graphical Overview of the Burden of Injuries. World Health Organization, Geneva, 81 pp. [NPR]

WHO, 2002b: World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva, 268 pp. [NPR]

WHO, 2003a: Global Defence against the Infectious Disease Threat: Progress Report, Communicable Diseases 2002. World Health Organization, Geneva, 233 pp. [NPR]

WHO, 2003b: The World Health Report 2003: Shaping the Future. World Health Organization, Geneva, 210 pp. [NPR, MoS]

WHO, 2004a: Synthesis Workshop on Climate Variability, Climate Change and Health in Small Island States. WHO, WMO, UNEP, WHO/SDE/OEH/04.02, 95 pp. [NPR]

WHO, 2004b: Malaria epidemics: forecasting, prevention, early warning and control – from policy to practice. Report of an informal consultation, Leysin, Switzerland, 8–10 December 2003. World Health Organization, Geneva, 52 pp. [NPR, MoS]

WHO, 2005: Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis. A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, World Health Organization, Geneva, 54 pp. [NPR]

WHO, 2006: Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: Towards an Estimate of the Environmental Burden of Disease. World Health Organization, Geneva, 106 pp. [NPR, MoS]

WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006: 1st meeting of the project “Improving Public Health Responses to Extreme Weather/Heat-waves”. EuroHEAT Report on a WHO Meeting in Rome, Italy, 20–22 June 2005. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, 52 pp. [NPR]

WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2006: Human health impacts from climate variability and climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region. Report of an Inter-Regional Workshop, Mukteshwar, India, October 2005. WHO, 49 pp. [NPR]

Wilby, R., 2003: Past and projected trends in London’s urban heat island. Weather, 58, 251-260. [ARC]

Wilby, R., M. Hedger and H.G. Orr, 2005: Climate change impacts and adaptation: a science agenda for the Environment Agency of England and Wales. Weather, 60, 206-211. [ARC]

Wilson, J., B. Philips and D. Neal, 1998: Domestic violence after disaster. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes, E. Enearson and B.H. Morrow, Eds., International Hurricane Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 115-122. [NPR]

Wittmann, R. and G. Flick, 1995: Microbial contamination of shellfish: prevalence, risk to human health and control strategies. Annu. Rev. Publ. Health, 16, 123-140. Clean

Woodruff, R.E., 2005: Epidemic early warning systems: Ross River virus disease in Australia. Integration of Public Health with Adaptation to Climate Change: Lessons Learned and New Directions, K. Ebi, J. Smith and I. Burton, Eds., Taylor and Francis, Leiden, 91-113. [NPR, ARC]

Woodruff, R.E., C.S. Guest, M.G. Garner, N. Becker, J. Lindesay, T. Carvan and K. Ebi, 2002: Predicting Ross River virus epidemics from regional weather data. Epidemiology, 13, 384-393. [MoS, SRC]

Woodruff, R.E., S. Hales, C. Butler and A. McMichael, 2005: Climate change and health impacts in Australia: effects of dramatic CO₂ emission reductions. Report for the Australia Conservation Foundation and the Australian Medical Association. Australian National University, Canberra, 45 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Woodward, A., S. Hales and N. de Wet, 2001: Climate Change: Potential Effects on Human Health in New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand, 27 pp. [NPR, SRC]

World Bank, 2004: World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. World Bank, New York, 32 pp. [NPR]

World Bank, 2005: Drought in the Amazon: scientific and social aspects. Report of a World Bank Seminar, December 12, 2005. Brasília, Brazil, 14 pp. [NPR]

World Bank, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, DFID, Directorate-Generale for Development European Commission, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development Germany, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Netherlands, UNDP and UNEP, 2004: Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation. World Bank, New York, 43 pp. [NPR]

Wu, H. and L. Chan, 2001: Surface ozone trends in Hong Kong in 1985–1995. Environ. Int., 26, 213-222. Clean

WWF, 2005: An overview of glaciers, glacier retreat, and subsequent impacts in Nepal, India and China. World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program, 79 pp. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf. [NPR]

Wyndham, C., 1965: A survey of causal factors in heat stroke and of their prevention in gold mining industry. J. S. Afr. I. Min. Metall., 66, 125-155. Clean

Xie, S.D., T. Yu, Y.H. Zhang, L.M. Zeng, L. Qi and X.Y. Tang, 2005: Characteristics of PM₁₀, SO₂, NO_x and O₃ in ambient air during the dust storm period in Beijing. Sci. Total Environ., 345, 153-164. Clean

Yang, C.Y., Y.S. Chen, H.F. Chiu and W.B. Goggins, 2005a: Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily stroke admissions in Taipei, Taiwan. Environ. Res., 99, 79-84. Clean

Yang, G.J., P. Vounatsou, X.N. Zhou, M. Tanner and J. Utzinger, 2005b: A potential impact of climate change and water resource development on the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. Parassitologia, 47, 127-134. Clean

Yarnal, B., A.C. Comrie, B. Frakes and D.P. Brown, 2001: Developments and prospects in synoptic climatology. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1923-1950. [JoC]

Yohe, G. and K. Ebi, 2005: Approaching adaptation: parallels and contrasts between the climate and health communities. A Public Health Perspective on Adaptation to Climate Change, K. Ebi and I. Burton, Eds., Taylor and Francis, Leiden, 18-43. [NPR, SRC]

Young, S., L. Balluz and J. Malilay, 2004: Natural and technologic hazardous material releases during and after natural disasters: a review. Sci. Total Environ., 322, 3-20. Clean

Zebisch, M., T. Grothmann, D. Schroeter, C. Hasse, U. Fritsch and W. Cramer, 2005: Climate Change in Germany. Vulnerability and Adaptation of Climate Sensitive Sectors. Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Dessau, 205 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Zhou, G., N. Minakawa, A.K. Githeko and G. Yan, 2004: Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 2375. [JoC, ARC]

Zhou, G., N. Minakawa, A.K. Githeko and G. Yan, 2005: Climate variability and malaria epidemics in the highlands of East Africa. Trends Parasitol., 21, 54-56. [ARC]

Ziska, L.H., S.D. Emche, E.L. Johnson, K. George, D.R. Reed and R.C. Sicher, 2005: Alterations in the production and concentration of selected alkaloids as a function of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature: implications for ethno-pharmacology. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1798-1807. [JoC]

Zwander, H., 2002: Der Pollenflug im Klagenfurter Becken (Kaernten) 1980–2000. Carinthia II, 192, 197-214.Clean

NOTE: In the Summary of Reviewer Comments,
Accepted includes only those responses that were unambiguously Accepted.
There are other categories of responses that we have not yet quantified
due to inconsistencies of usage.

Summary of Reviewer Comments - Second Order Draft

Reviewer	Total Comments	Accepted	IPCC Roles	Papers
Government of Argentina	93	0	0	0
Canziani, OF	90	0	2	4
Hanson, CE	59	0	1	2
Goklany, IM	56	0	0	15
Haines, A	48	0	0	9
Berry, PM	44	0	0	8
Government of Australia	42	0	0	0
Reiter, P	33	0	0	4
Government of USA	32	0	0	0
Government of Canada	27	0	0	0
Morse, AP	27	0	0	6
Hildebrand, Von	22	0	0	0
Krupnick, Alan	20	0	0	0
Knowlton, K	19	0	0	4
Government of Sweden	19	0	0	0
Harvey, D	18	0	0	1
Verhasselt, Yola	17	0	0	0
Epstein, PR	16	1	0	11
Jendritzky, G	14	0	0	5
Xiao, Fengjin	13	0	0	0
Dhiman, Ramesh	13	0	0	0
Bartram, Jamie	13	0	0	0
Sauerborn, Rainer	12	0	0	0
Tanser, Frank	11	0	0	0
Government of Ireland	10	0	0	0
Government of India	9	0	0	2
van der Linden, Paul	9	0	0	0
Ogawa, Hisashi	7	0	0	0
Government of France	7	0	0	0
Government of Switzerland	6	0	0	0
Casimiro, E	6	0	0	3
Smith, JB	6	0	4	25
Government of China	6	0	0	0
Moore, TG	5	0	0	0
Nicholls, N	4	0	0	18
Republic of Korea	4	0	0	0
Githeko, AK	4	0	1	14
Government of Finland	4	0	0	0
Few, R	4	0	0	6
Rodo, X	4	0	1	4
Wang, C	4	0	0	6
Ando, M	3	0	0	2
Government of Germany	3	0	0	0
Fobil, Julius	2	0	0	0
Bernstein, Lenny	2	0	0	0
von Hildebrand, Alex	1	0	0	0
Totals	868	1	9	149

Overview of Reviewer Comments - Second Order Draft

Reviewer Type	Total Comments	Accepted	% Accepted
Govt	249	0	0%
IPCC	468	1	0%
Indep	151	0	0%
Total	868	1	0%

Main AR4 Index | Working Group WG2 Index | Table of Contents | Authors | Executive Summary | Annotated Text | References | Reviewer Comments