With the exception of Chapter and Section headings, all coloured text has been inserted by AccessIPCC. The non-coloured text is the IPCC original.

A number of emails from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia were published on the Internet in November 2009. This has provided a window into the world of climate science.

We have identified a number of key individuals involved in the emails whom we have designated as Persons of Concern [PoC]; a Journal in which a PoC has published has been designated as a Journal of Concern [JoC].

This is not to suggest that we believe such papers are necessarily flawed, but rather that, as Joseph Alcamo noted at Bali in October 2009, "as policymakers and the public begin to grasp the multi-billion dollar price tag for mitigating and adapting to climate change, we should expect a sharper questioning of the science behind climate policy".

References occur in a list at the end of each chapter. Citations are within the normal text of sections and paragraphs.

Definition of Tags Used

Tag	Explanation	Where Used	References	Citations
PoC	Person of Concern Key individual involved in CRU emails as defined in this spreadsheet. NOTE: we anticipate that this definition will be expanded as more data is coded.	References, Citations, IPCC Roles	10	11
JoC	Journal of Concern A Journal which has published articles by one or more PoCs (Person of Concern)	References, Citations	72	90
MoS	Model or Simulation Reference appears to be a model or simulation, not observation or experiment	References, Citations	62	68
NPR	Non Peer Reviewed Reference has no Journal or no Volume or no Pages or it has Editors.	References, Citations	169	192
SRC	Self Reference Concern Author of a chapter containing references to own work.	References, Citations, IPCC Roles	82	121
ARC	Paper authored or co-authored by person who is also in list of Authors of another chapter.	References, Citations	47	71
2007	Paper dated 2007, when IPCC policy stated cutoff was December 2005 with mid-February 2006 for exceptions.	References, Citations	13	31
Ambiguous	The short inline citation matched with more than one reference; however, AccessIPCC will link to the first reference found.	Citations	-	1
NotFound	The short inline citation was not matched with any reference. Believed to be caused by typing errors.	Citations	-	6
Clean	The reference was probably peer reviewed. The reference was dated before the cutoff (2005-2006). Its authors were not members of the Team. It was not published in a Journal of Concern. Its authors were not AR4 Authors.	References, Citations	126	146

Chapter Table of Contents

Title	Clean	Tagged	NotFound	Ambiguous
Chapter 6: Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas	-	-	-	-
6.1 Introduction: scope, summary of Third Assessment Report conclusions and key issues	-	1	-	-
6.2 Current sensitivity/vulnerability	-	-	-	-
6.2.1 Natural coastal systems	17	25	-	-
6.2.2 Increasing human utilisation of the coastal zone	1	11	-	-
6.2.3 External terrestrial and marine influences	4	7	-	-
6.2.4 Thresholds in the behaviour of coastal systems	3	7	-	-
6.2.5 Observed effects of climate change on coastal systems	4	20	-	-
6.3 Assumptions about future trends for coastal systems and low-lying areas	-	2	-	-
6.3.1 Environmental and socio-economic trends	-	5	1	-
6.3.2 Climate and sea-level scenarios	2	30	1	-
6.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities	-	-	-	-
6.4.1 Natural system responses to climate change drivers	-	-	-	-
6.4.1.1 Beaches, rocky shorelines and cliffed coasts	10	28	-	-
6.4.1.2 Deltas	7	12	-	-
6.4.1.3 Estuaries and lagoons	8	10	-	-
6.4.1.4 Mangroves, saltmarshes and sea grasses	25	14	-	-
6.4.1.5 Coral reefs	9	19	-	-
6.4.2 Consequences for human society	1	12	-	-
6.4.2.1 Freshwater resources	2	7	-	-
6.4.2.2 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries	2	8	1	-
6.4.2.3 Human settlements, infrastructure and migration	1	8	-	-
6.4.2.4 Human health	7	3	-	1
6.4.2.5 Biodiversity	13	8	-	-
6.4.2.6 Recreation and tourism	1	10	-	-
6.4.3 Key vulnerabilities and hotspots	-	5	-	-
6.5 Costs and other socio-economic aspects	-	-	-	-
6.5.1 Methods and tools for characterising socio-economic consequences	1	10	-	-
6.5.2 Socio-economic consequences under current climate conditions	2	16	1	-
6.5.3 Socio-economic consequences of climate change	2	4	-	-
6.6 Adaptation: practices, options and constraints	-	3	-	-
6.6.1 Adaptation to changes in climate and sea level	-	-	-	-
6.6.1.1 Issues and challenges	2	7	-	-
6.6.1.2 Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)	-	7	-	-
6.6.1.3 Tools for assessing adaptation needs and options	-	-	-	-
6.6.1.4 Adaptation options	3	9	-	-
6.6.2 Costs and benefits of adaptation	-	3	-	-
6.6.3 Limits and trade-offs in adaptation	9	18	1	-
6.6.4 Adaptive capacity	1	3	-	-
6.6.4.1 Constraints and limitations	3	10	1	-
6.6.4.2 Capacity-strengthening strategies	-	-	-	-
6.6.5 The links between adaptation and mitigation in coastal and low-lying areas	1	7	-	-
6.7 Conclusions: implications for sustainable development	5	18	-	-
6.8 Key uncertainties, research gaps and priorities	-	4	-	-
Number of citations of various credibilities	146	371	6	1
Percentages of citations of various credibilities	27.9%	70.8%	1.1%	0.2%

Executive Summary

Since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), our understanding of the implications of climate change for coastal systems and low-lying areas (henceforth referred to as ‘coasts’) has increased substantially and six important policy-relevant messages have emerged.

Coasts are experiencing the adverse consequences of hazards related to climate and sea level (very high confidence).

Coasts are highly vulnerable to extreme events, such as storms, which impose substantial costs on coastal societies [ 6.2.1 , 6.2.2 , 6.5.2 ]. Annually, about 120 million people are exposed to tropical cyclone hazards, which killed 250,000 people from 1980 to 2000 [ 6.5.2 ]. Through the 20th century, global rise of sea level contributed to increased coastal inundation, erosion and ecosystem losses, but with considerable local and regional variation due to other factors [ 6.2.5 , 6.4.1 ]. Late 20th century effects of rising temperature include loss of sea ice, thawing of permafrost and associated coastal retreat, and more frequent coral bleaching and mortality [ 6.2.5 ].

Coasts will be exposed to increasing risks, including coastal erosion, over coming decades due to climate change and sea-level rise (very high confidence).

Anticipated climate-related changes include: an accelerated rise in sea level of up to 0.6 m or more by 2100; a further rise in sea surface temperatures by up to 3°C; an intensification of tropical and extra-tropical cyclones; larger extreme waves and storm surges; altered precipitation/run-off; and ocean acidification [ 6.3.2 ]. These phenomena will vary considerably at regional and local scales, but the impacts are virtually certain to be overwhelmingly negative [ 6.4 , 6.5.3 ].

Corals are vulnerable to thermal stress and have low adaptive capacity. Increases in sea surface temperature of about 1 to 3°C are projected to result in more frequent coral bleaching events and widespread mortality, unless there is thermal adaptation or acclimatisation by corals [ Box 6.1 , 6.4 ].

Coastal wetland ecosystems, such as saltmarshes and mangroves, are especially threatened where they are sediment-starved or constrained on their landward margin [ 6.4.1 ]. Degradation of coastal ecosystems, especially wetlands and coral reefs, has serious implications for the well-being of societies dependent on the coastal ecosystems for goods and services [ 6.4.2 , 6.5.3 ]. Increased flooding and the degradation of freshwater, fisheries and other resources could impact hundreds of millions of people, and socio-economic costs on coasts will escalate as a result of climate change [ 6.4.2 , 6.5.3 ].

The impact of climate change on coasts is exacerbated by increasing human-induced pressures (very high confidence).

Utilisation of the coast increased dramatically during the 20th century and this trend is virtually certain to continue through the 21st century. Under the SRES scenarios, the coastal population could grow from 1.2 billion people (in 1990 ) to 1.8 to 5.2 billion people by the 2080 s, depending on assumptions about migration [ 6.3.1 ]. Increasing numbers of people and assets at risk at the coast are subject to additional stresses due to land-use and hydrological changes in catchments, including dams that reduce sediment supply to the coast [ 6.3.2 ]. Populated deltas (especially Asian megadeltas), low-lying coastal urban areas and atolls are key societal hotspots of coastal vulnerability, occurring where the stresses on natural systems coincide with low human adaptive capacity and high exposure [ 6.4.3 ]. Regionally, South, South-east and East Asia, Africa and small islands are most vulnerable [ 6.4.2 ]. Climate change therefore reinforces the desirability of managing coasts in an integrated manner [ 6.6.1.3 ].

Adaptation for the coasts of developing countries will be more challenging than for coasts of developed countries, due to constraints on adaptive capacity (high confidence).

While physical exposure can significantly influence vulnerability for both human populations and natural systems, a lack of adaptive capacity is often the most important factor that creates a hotspot of human vulnerability. Adaptive capacity is largely dependent upon development status. Developing nations may have the political or societal will to protect or relocate people who live in low-lying coastal zones, but without the necessary financial and other resources/capacities, their vulnerability is much greater than that of a developed nation in an identical coastal setting. Vulnerability will also vary between developing countries, while developed countries are not insulated from the adverse consequences of extreme events [ 6.4.3 , 6.5.2 ].

Adaptation costs for vulnerable coasts are much less than the costs of inaction (high confidence).

Adaptation costs for climate change are much lower than damage costs without adaptation for most developed coasts, even considering only property losses and human deaths [ 6.6.2 , 6.6.3 ]. As post-event impacts on coastal businesses, people, housing, public and private social institutions, natural resources, and the environment generally go unrecognised in disaster cost accounting, the full benefits of adaptation are even larger [ 6.5.2 , 6.6.2 ]. Without adaptation, the high-end sea-level rise scenarios, combined with other climate changes (e.g., increased storm intensity), are as likely as not to render some islands and low-lying areas unviable by 2100, so effective adaptation is urgently required [ 6.6.3 ].

The unavoidability of sea-level rise, even in the longer-term, frequently conflicts with present-day human development patterns and trends (high confidence).

Sea-level rise has substantial inertia and will continue beyond 2100 for many centuries. Irreversible breakdown of the West Antarctica and/or Greenland ice sheets, if triggered by rising temperatures, would make this long-term rise significantly larger, ultimately questioning the viability of many coastal settlements across the globe. The issue is reinforced by the increasing human use of the coastal zone. Settlement patterns also have substantial inertia, and this issue presents a challenge for long-term coastal spatial planning. Stabilisation of climate could reduce the risks of ice sheet breakdown, and reduce but not stop sea-level rise due to thermal expansion [ Box 6.6 ]. Hence, it is now more apparent than it was in the TAR that the most appropriate response to sea-level rise for coastal areas is a combination of adaptation to deal with the inevitable rise, and mitigation to limit the long-term rise to a manageable level [ 6.6.5 , 6.7 ].

6.1 Introduction: scope, summary of Third Assessment Report conclusions and key issues

This chapter presents a global perspective on the impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on coastal and adjoining low-lying areas, with an emphasis on post- 2000 insights. Here, coastal systems are considered as the interacting low-lying areas and shallow coastal waters, including their human components ( Figure 6.1 ). This includes adjoining coastal lowlands, which have often developed through sedimentation during the Holocene (past 10,000 years), but excludes the continental shelf and ocean margins (for marine ecosystems see Chapter 4 ). Inland seas are not covered, except as analogues. In addition to local drivers and interactions, coasts are subject to external events that pose a hazard to human activities and may compromise the natural functioning of coastal systems ( Figure 6.1 ). Terrestrial-sourced hazards include river floods and inputs of sediment or pollutants; marine-sourced hazards include storm surges, energetic swell and tsunamis.

In this chapter, we reinforce the findings of the Third Assessment Report (TAR; IPCC, 2001 [NPR] ) concerning the potential importance of the full range of climate change drivers on coastal systems and the complexity of their potential effects. The TAR also noted growing interest in adaptation to climate change in coastal areas, a trend which continues to gather momentum, as shown in this assessment. Whereas some coastal countries and communities have the adaptive capacity to minimise the impacts of climate change, others have fewer options and hence are much more vulnerable to climate change. This is compounded as human population growth in many coastal regions is both increasing socio-economic vulnerability and decreasing the resilience of coastal systems. Integrated assessment and management of coastal systems, together with a better understanding of their interaction with socio-economic and cultural development, were presented in the TAR as important components of successful adaptation to climate change.

This chapter builds on and develops these insights in the TAR by considering the emerging knowledge concerning impacts and adaptation to climate change in coastal areas across a wider spectrum of climate change drivers and from local to global scales. Nonetheless, the issue of sea-level rise still dominates the literature on coastal areas and climate change. This chapter includes an assessment of current sensitivity and vulnerability, the key changes that coastal systems may undergo in response to climate and sea-level change, including costs and other socio-economic aspects, the potential for adaptation, and the implications for sustainable development. Given that there are strong interactions both within and between the natural and human sub-systems in the coastal system ( Figure 6.1 ), this chapter takes an integrated perspective of the coastal zone and its management, insofar as the published literature permits.

6.2 Current sensitivity/vulnerability

This section provides key insights into the ways in which coastal systems are presently changing, as context for assessing the impacts of, and early effects attributable to, climate change.

6.3 Assumptions about future trends for coastal systems and low-lying areas

This section builds on Chapter 2 and Section 6.2 to develop relevant environmental, socio-economic, and climate change scenarios for coastal areas through the 21st century. The IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES; Nakićenović and Swart, 2000 [NPR] ) provides one suitable framework ( Arnell et al., 2004 [JoC, ARC] ; Chapter 2 , Section 2.4 ).

6.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities

The following sections characterise the coastal ecosystem impacts that are anticipated to result from the climate change summarised in Figures 6.1 and Table 6.2 . The summary of impacts on natural coastal systems and implications for human society (including ecosystem services) leads to the recognition of key vulnerabilities and hotspots.

6.5 Costs and other socio-economic aspects

The costs, benefits and other socio-economic consequences of climate variability and change for coastal and low-lying areas have been determined for many aspects, including heat stress and changes in plant and animal metabolism (see Chapter 4 , Section 4.2 and Box 4.4 ), disease (see Chapter 8 , Section 8.5 ), water supply (see Chapter 3 , Section 3.5 ), and coastal forests, agriculture and aquaculture (see Chapter 5 , Section 5.6 ). The following section focuses on evaluating the socio-economic consequences of sea-level rise, storm damage and coastal erosion.

6.6 Adaptation: practices, options and constraints

This section first highlights issues that arise with interventions designed to reduce risks to natural and human coastal systems as a consequence of climate change. As recognised in earlier IPCC assessments ( Bijlsma et al., 1996 [NPR, SRC] ; McLean et al., 2001 [NPR, SRC] ), a key conclusion is that reactive and standalone efforts to reduce climate-related risks to coastal systems are less effective than responses which are part of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), including long-term national and community planning (see also Kay and Adler, 2005 [NPR] ). Within this context, subsequent sections describe the tools relevant to adaptation in coastal areas, options for adaptation of coastal systems, and current and planned adaptation initiatives. Examples of the costs of, and limits to, coastal adaptation are described, as are the trade-offs. Constraints on, limitations to, and strategies for strengthening adaptive capacity are also described. Finally, the links between coastal adaptation and efforts to mitigate climate change are discussed.

6.7 Conclusions: implications for sustainable development

The main conclusions are reported in the Executive Summary and are reviewed here in the context of sustainable development. Coastal ecosystems are dynamic, spatially constrained, and attractive for development. This leads to increasing multiple stresses under current conditions ( Section 6.2.2 ), often resulting in significant degradation and losses, especially to economies highly dependent on coastal resources, such as small islands. Trends in human development along coasts amplify their vulnerability, even if climate does not change. For example, in China 100 million people moved from inland to the coast in the last twenty years ( (Dang, 2003 ) ), providing significant benefits to the national economy, but presenting major challenges for coastal management. This qualitative trend is mirrored in most populated coastal areas and raises the conflict between conservation and development ( (Green and Penning-Rowsell, 1999 ) ). Equally the pattern of development can have tremendous inertia ( Klein et al., 2002 [NPR, MoS, SRC] ) and decisions made today may have implications centuries into the future ( Box 6.6 ).

Climate change and sea-level rise increase the challenge of achieving sustainable development in coastal areas, with the most serious impediments in developing countries, in part due to their lower adaptive capacity. It will make achieving the Millennium Development Goals UN Secretary General, 2006b [NPR] ) more difficult, especially the Goal of Ensuring Environmental Sustainability (reversing loss of environmental resources, and improving lives of slum dwellers, many of whom are coastal). Adapting effectively to climate change and sea-level rise will involve substantial investment, with resources diverted from other productive uses. Even with the large investment possible in developed countries, residual risk remains, as shown by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans ( Box 6.4 ), requiring a portfolio of responses that addresses human safety across all events (protection, warnings, evacuation, etc.) and also can address multiple goals (e.g., protection of the environment as well as adaptation to climate change) ( Evans et al., 2004a [NPR, MoS, SRC] ;( Jonkman et al., 2005 ) ). Long-term sea-level rise projections mean that risks will grow for many generations unless there is a substantial and ongoing investment in adaptation ( Box 6.6 ). Hence, sustainability for coastal areas appears to depend upon a combination of adaptation and mitigation (Sections 6.3.2 and 6.6.5 ).

There will be substantial benefits if plans are developed and implemented in order to address coastal changes due to climate and other factors, such as those processes that also contribute to relative sea-level rise ( (Rodolfo and Siringan, 2006 ) ). This requires increased effort to move from reactive to more proactive responses in coastal management. Strengthening integrated multidisciplinary and participatory approaches will also help improve the prospects for sustaining coastal resources and communities. There is also much to be learnt from experience and retrospective analyses of coastal disasters ( McRobie et al., 2005 [JoC, ARC] ). Technological developments are likely to assist this process, most especially in softer technologies associated with monitoring ( Bradbury et al., 2005 [NPR] ), predictive modelling and broad-scale assessment ( Burgess et al., 2003 [MoS] ; Cowell et al., 2003a [MoS] ;( Boruff et al., 2005 ) ) and assessment of coastal management actions, both present and past ( Klein et al., 2001 [SRC] ). Traditional practices can be an important component of the coastal management toolkit.

6.8 Key uncertainties, research gaps and priorities

This assessment shows that the level of knowledge is not consistent with the potential severity of the problem of climate change and coastal zones. While knowledge is not adequate in any aspect, uncertainty increases as we move from the natural sub-system to the human sub-system, with the largest uncertainties concerning their interaction ( Figure 6.1 ). An understanding of this interaction is critical to a comprehensive understanding of human vulnerability in coastal and low-lying areas and should include the role of institutional adaptation and public participation ( Section 6.4.3 ). While research is required at all scales, improved understanding at the physiographic unit scale (e.g., coastal cells, deltas or estuaries) would have particular benefits, and support adaptation to climate change and wider coastal management. There also remains a strong focus on sea-level rise, which needs to be broadened to include all the climate drivers in the coastal zone ( Table 6.2 ). Finally, any response to climate change has to address the other non-climate drivers of coastal change in terms of understanding potential impacts and responses, as they will interact with climate change. As recognised in earlier IPCC assessments and the Millennium Ecosystem and LOICZ Assessments ( Agardy et al., 2005 [NPR] ; Crossland et al., 2005 [NPR] ), these other drivers generally exacerbate the impacts of climate change.

The following research initiatives would substantially reduce these uncertainties and increase the effectiveness and science base of long-term coastal planning and policy development.

Establishing better baselines of actual coastal changes, including local factors and sea-level rise, and the climate and non-climate drivers, through additional observations and expanded monitoring. This would help to better establish the causal links between climate and coastal change which tend to remain inferred rather than observed ( Section 6.2.5 ), and support model development.

• Improving predictive capacity for future coastal change due to climate and other drivers, through field observations, experiments and model development. A particular challenge will be understanding thresholds under multiple drivers of change (Sections 6.2.4 ; 6.4.1).
• Developing a better understanding of the adaptation of the human systems in the coastal zone. At the simplest this could be an inventory of assets at risk, but much more could be done in terms of deepening our understanding of the qualitative trends suggested in Table 6.1 (see also Section 6.4.2 ) and issues of adaptive capacity.
• Improving impact and vulnerability assessments within an integrated assessment framework that includes natural-human sub-system interactions. This requires a strong inter-disciplinary approach and the targeting of the most vulnerable areas, such as populated megadeltas and deltas, small islands and coastal cities ( Section 6.4.3 ). Improving systems of coastal planning and zoning and institutions that can enforce regulations for clearer coastal governance is required in many countries.
• Developing methods for identification and prioritisation of coastal adaptation options. The effectiveness and efficiency of adaptation interventions need to be considered, including immediate benefits and the longer term goal of sustainable development (Sections 6.6 ; 6.7).
• Developing and expanding networks to share knowledge and experience on climate change and coastal management among coastal scientists and practitioners.

These issues need to be explored across the range of spatial scales: from local to global scale assessments and, given the long timescales of sea-level rise, implications beyond the 21st century should not be ignored. Thus this research agenda needs to be taken forward across a broad range of activities from the needs of coastal management and adaptation to global integrated assessments and the benefits of mitigation. While some existing global research efforts are pushing in the direction that is recommended, e.g., the IGBP/IHDP LOICZ Science Plan ( Kremer et al., 2004 [NPR] ), much more effort is required to achieve these goals, especially those referring to the human, integrated assessment and adaptation goals, and at local to regional scales ( Few et al., 2004a [NPR] ).

References

Adam, P., 2002: Saltmarshes in a time of change. Environ. Conserv., 29, 39-61. Clean

Adger, W.N., 2000: Institutional adaptation to environmental risk under the transition in Vietnam. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 90, 738-758. Clean

Agardy, T., J. Alder, P. Dayton, S. Curran, A. Kitchingman, M. Wilson, A. Catenazzi, J. Restrepo and Co-authors, 2005: Coastal systems. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems & Human Well-Being, Volume 1: Current State and Trends, W. Reid, Ed., Island Press, 513-549. [NPR]

Agnew, M.D., and D. Viner, 2001: Potential impacts of climate change on international tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3, 37-60. [ARC]

Agrawala, S., and M. van Aalst, 2005: Bridging the gap between climate change and development. Bridge over Troubled Waters: Linking Climate Change and Development, S. Agrawala, Ed., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 153pp. [NPR, ARC]

Aguiló, E., J. Alegre and M. Sard, 2005: The persistence of the sun and sand tourism model. Tourism Manage., 26, 219-231. [MoS]

Ahmad, Q.K. and A.U. Ahmed, 2003: Regional cooperation in flood management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna region: Bangladesh perspective. Nat. Hazards, 28, 181-198. [ARC]

Ahrendt, K., 2001: Expected effects of climate change on Sylt Island; results from a multidisciplinary German project. Climate Res., 18, 141-146. Clean

Alcamo, J., and T. Henrichs, 2002: Critical regions: a model-based estimation of world water resources sensitive to global changes. Aquat. Sci., 64, 352-362. [MoS, ARC]

Aliff, G., 2006: Have hurricanes changed everything? Or is a soft market ahead? Risk Manage., 53, 12-19. Clean

Allan, J., P. Komar and G. Priest, 2003: Shoreline variability on the high-energy Oregon coast and its usefulness in erosion-hazard assessments. J. Coastal Res., S38, 83-105. Clean

Allen, J.R.L., 2000: Morphodynamics of Holocene saltmarshes: a review sketch from the Atlantic and Southern North Sea coasts of Europe. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 1155-1231. Clean

Allen, J.R.L.,, 2003: An eclectic morphostratigraphic model for the sedimentary response to Holocene sea-level rise in northwest Europe. Sediment. Geol., 161, 31-54. [MoS]

Alley, R.B., J. Marotzke, W.D. Nordhaus, J.T. Overpeck, D.M. Peteet, R.A. Pielke, R.T. Pierrehumbert, R.T. Rhines and Co-authors, 2003: Abrupt climate change. Science, 299, 2005-2010. [PoC, JoC]

Allison, M.A., S.R. Khan, S.L. Goodbred Jr. and S.A. Kuehl, 2003: Stratigraphic evolution of the late Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputra lower delta plain. Sediment. Geol., 155, 317-342. Clean

Anderson-Berry, L.J., 2003: Community vulnerability to tropical cyclones: Cairns, 1996-2000. Nat. Hazards, 30, 209-232. Clean

Andersson, A.J., F.T. Mackenzie and L.M. Ver, 2003: Solution of shallow-water carbonates: an insignificant buffer against rising atmospheric CO₂. Geology, 31, 513-516. Clean

Anthoff, D., R.J. Nicholls, R.S.J. Tol and A.T. Vafeidis, 2006: Global and Regional Exposure to Large Rises in Sea Level: A Sensitivity Analysis. Working Paper 96. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 31pp. [NPR, SRC]

ARAG, 1999: The potential consequences of climate variability and change: Alaska. Preparing for a changing climate. Alaska Regional Assessment Group (ARAG). Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research, University of Alaska, 39 pp. [NPR]

Arnell, N.W., 2004: Climate change and global water resources: SRES scenarios and socio-economic scenarios. Glob. Environ. Chang., 14, 31-52. [JoC, ARC]

Arnell, N.W., M.J.L. Livermore, S. Kovats, P.E. Levy, R. Nicholls, M.L. Parry and S.R. Gaffin, 2004: Climate and socio-economic scenarios for global-scale climate change impacts assessments: Characterising the SRES storylines. Glob. Environ. Chang., 14, 3-20. [JoC, SRC]

Ayre, D.J., and T.P. Hughes, 2004: Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecol. Lett., 7, 273-278. [ARC]

Baldwin, A.H., M.S. Egnotovich and E. Clarke, 2001: Hydrologic change and vegetation of tidal freshwater marshes: Field, greenhouse and seed-bank experiments. Wetlands, 21, 519-531. Clean

Barnett, J., and W.N. Adger, 2003: Climate dangers and atoll countries. Climatic Change, 61, 321-337. [JoC]

Barras, J. A., cited 2006: Land area change in coastal Louisiana after the 2005 hurricanes - a series of three maps. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1274. [Accessed 29.03.07: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1274/] [NPR]

Barras, J., S. Beville, D. Britsch, S. Hartley, S. Hawes, J. Johnston, P. Kemp, Q. Kinler and Co-authors, 2003: Historical and projected coastal Louisiana land changes: 1978-2050. Open File Report 03-334. U.S. Geological Survey, 39 pp. [NPR]

Barros, V., A. Menéndez, C. Natenzon, R.R. Kokot, J.O. Codignotto, M. Re, P. Bronstein, I. Camilloni and Co-authors, 2006: Vulnerability to floods in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires under future climate change. Working Paper 26. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), 36 pp. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Bartlett, D., and J.L. Smith, Eds., 2005: GIS for Coastal Zone Management. CRC Press, 310 pp. [NPR]

Barton, A.D., and K.S. Casey, 2005: Climatological context for large-scale coral bleaching. Coral Reefs, 24, 536-554. Clean

Baxter, P.J., 2005: The east coast Big Flood, 31 January-1 February 1953: a summary of the human disaster. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1293-1312. [JoC]

Becken, S., and J. Hay, undated: Tourism and Climate Change – Risk and opportunities. Landcare Research, 292 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Beer, S., and E. Koch, 1996: Photosynthesis of marine macroalgae and seagrass in globally changing CO₂ environments. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 141, 199-204. Clean

Berge, J., G. Johnsen, F. Nilsen, B. Gulliksen and D. Slagstad, 2005: Ocean temperature oscillations enable reappearance of blue mussels Mytilus edulis in Svalbard after a 1000 year absence. Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 303, 167-175. Clean

Berkelmans, R., G. De’ath, S. Kininmouth and W.J. Skirving, 2004: A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns and predictions. Coral Reefs, 23, 74-83. [MoS]

Bernier, N.B., K.R. Thompson, J. Ou and H. Ritchie, 2007: Mapping the return periods of extreme sea levels: Allowing for short sea level records, seasonality and climate change. Global Planet Change. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.027. [NPR, 2007]

Bettencourt, S., R. Croad, P. Freeman, J.E. Hay, R. Jones, P. King, P. Lal, A. Mearns and Co-authors, 2005: Not if but when: Adapting to natural hazards in the Pacific Islands region. A policy note. Pacific Islands Country Management Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank, 46 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Bigano, A., J.M. Hamilton and R.S.J. Tol, 2005: The Impact of Climate Change on Domestic and International Tourism: A Simulation Study. Working paper FNU-58, 23 pp. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Bijlsma, L., C.N. Ehler, R.J.T. Klein, S.M. Kulshrestha, R.F. McLean, N. Mimura, R.J. Nicholls, L.A. Nurse and Co-authors, 1996: Coastal zones and small islands. Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera and R.H. Moss, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 289-324. [NPR, SRC]

Bindoff, N., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quéré and Co-authors, 2007: Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 385-432. [NPR, 2007]

Binh, C.T., M.J. Phillips and H. Demaine, 1997: Integrated shrimp-mangrove farming systems in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Agr. Res., 28, 599-610. Clean

Bird, E.C.F., 1985: Coastline Changes: A Global Review. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 219 pp. [NPR]

Bird, E.C.F.,, 2000: Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction. Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 340 pp. [NPR]

Boruff, B.J., C. Emrich and S.L. Cutter, 2005: Erosion hazard vulnerability of US coastal counties. J. Coastal Res., 21, 932-942. Clean

Bosello, F., R. Lazzarin and R.S.J. Tol, 2004: Economy-wide Estimates of the Implications of Climate Change: Sea Level Rise. Working Paper FNU-38. Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change, Centre for Marina and Climate Research, Hamburg University. 22pp. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Bradbury, A., S. Cope and H. Dalton, 2005: Integration of large-scale regional measurement, data management and analysis programmes, for coastal processes, geomorphology and ecology. Proceeding of CoastGIS ‘05, 21-23 July, Aberdeen, Scotland. 14 pp. [NPR]

Brander, K., G. Blom, M.F. Borges, K. Erzini, G. Henderson, B.R. MacKenzie, H. Mendes, A.M.P. Santos and P. Toresen, 2003a: Changes in fish distribution in the eastern North Atlantic: are we seeing a coherent response to changing temperature? ICES Marine Science Symposia, 219, 260-273. [ARC]

Brander, L.M., R.J.G.M. Florax and J.E. Vermaat, 2003b: The Empirics of Wetland Valuation: A Comprehensive Summary and a Meta-analysis of the Literature. Report No.W-03/30. Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 33 pp. [NPR]

Brown, A.C., and A. McLachlan, 2002: Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environ. Conserv., 29, 62-77. [MoS]

Bruno, J.F., C.E. Siddon, J.D. Witman, P.L. Colin and M.A. Toscano, 2001: El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, Western Caroline Islands. Coral Reefs, 20, 127-136. Clean

Brunsden, D., 2001: A critical assessment of the sensitivity concept in geomorphology. Catena, 42, 99-123. Clean

Bruun, P., 1962: Sea-level rise as a cause of shore erosion. Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, 88, 117-130. Clean

Bryant, E., 2001: Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 320 pp. [NPR]

Buddemeier, R.W., 2001: Is it time to give up? B. Mar. Sci., 69, 317-326. Clean

Buddemeier, R.W., S.V. Smith, D.P. Swaaney and C.J. Crossland, 2002: The Role of the Coastal Ocean in the Disturbed and Undisturbed Nutrient and Carbon Cycles. LOICZ Reports and Studies Series No. 24. 84 pp. [NPR]

Buddemeier, R.W., J.A. Kleypas and B. Aronson, 2004: Coral Reefs and Global Climate Change: Potential Contributions of Climate Change to Stresses on Coral Reef Ecosystems. Report prepared for the Pew Centre of Climate Change, Arlington, Virginia, 56 pp. [NPR]

Burgess, K., and I. Townend, 2004: The impact of climate change upon coastal defence structures. 39th DEFRA Flood and Coastal Management Conference, 29 June - 1 July, York UK, Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), 11.12.11-11.12.12. [NPR]

Burgess, K., J.D. Orford, K. Dyer, I. Townend and P. Balson, 2003: FUTURECOAST — The integration of knowledge to assess future coastal evolution at a national scale. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, 3, 3221-3233. [MoS]

Burkett, V.R., and J. Kusler, 2000: Climate change: potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States. J. Am. Water Resour. As., 36, 313-320. [SRC]

Burkett, V.R., D.B. Zilkoski and D.A. Hart, 2003: Sea-level rise and subsidence: Implication for flooding in New Orleans. U.S. Geological Survey Subsidence Interest Group Conference, proceedings of the technical meeting. Water Resources Division (Open File Report 03-308), 27th - 29th November 2001. Galveston, Texas, U.S. Geological Survey, 63-70. [NPR, SRC]

Burkett, V.R., D.A. Wilcox, R. Stottlemeyer, W. Barrow, D. Fagre, J. Baron, J. Price, J. Nielsen and Co-authors, 2005: Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climate change: Case studies and policy implications. Ecological Complexity, 2, 357-394. [SRC]

Butler, C.D., C.F. Corvalan and H.S. Koren, 2005: Human health, well-being, and global ecological scenarios. Ecosystems, 8, 153-162. Clean

Cahoon, D.R., P. Hensel, J. Rybczyk, K. McKee, C.E. Proffitt and B. Perez, 2003: Mass tree mortality leads to mangrove peat collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch. J. Ecol., 91, 1093-1105. Clean

Cahoon, D.R., P.F. Hensel, T. Spencer, D.J. Reed, K.L. McKee and N. Saintilan, 2006: Coastal wetland vulnerability to relative sea-level rise: wetland elevation trends and process controls. Wetlands as a Natural Resource, Vol. 1: Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, J. Verhoeven, D. Whigham, R. Bobbink and B. Beltman, Eds., Springer Ecological Studies series, Chapter 12. 271-292. [NPR, ARC]

Caldeira, K., and M.E. Wickett, 2005: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature, 425, 365. [JoC]

Canziani, O.F., and J.C. Gimenez, 2002: Hydrometeorological Aspects of the Impact of Climate Change on the Argentina’s Pampas. EPA Report. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [NPR, ARC]

CBD, 2003: Interlinkages Between Biological Diversity and Climate Change. CBD Technical report 10. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 142 pp. Clean

CBD, 2006: Guidance for Promoting Synergy Among Activities Addressing Biological Diversity, Desertification, Land Degradation and Climate Change. CBD Technical Series 25. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, iv + 43 pp. Clean

Chadwick, A.J., H. Karunarathna, W.R. Gehrels, A.C. Massey, D. O’Brien and D. Dales, 2005: A new analysis of the Slapton barrier beach system, UK. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water Maritime Engng, 158, 147-161. Clean

Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, W.-T. Kwon and Co-authors, 2007: Regional climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 847-940. [NPR, ARC, 2007]

Christie, P., K. Lowry, A.T. White, E.G. Oracion, L. Sievanen, R.S. Pomeroy, R.B. Pollnac, J.M. Patlis and R.L.V. Eisma, 2005: Key findings from a multidisciplinary examination of integrated coastal management process sustainability. Ocean Coast. Manage., 48, 468-483. [JoC]

Church, J.A., J.M. Gregory, P. Huybrechts, M. Kuhn, K. Lambeck, M.T. Nhuan, D. Qin and P.L. Woodworth, 2001: Changes in sea level. Climate Change 2001. The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden and D. Xiaosu, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 639-693. [NPR]

Codignotto, J.O., 2004a: Sea-level rise and coastal de La Plata River. Report for the second AIACC “It’s raining, it’s pouring, ... I’‘s time to be adapting”; Regional Workshop for Latin America and the Caribbean 24-27th August 2004, Buenos Aires. 4-18pp. [NPR, SRC]

Codignotto, J.O., 2004b: Diagnóstico del estado actual de las áreas costeras de Argentina. Report for Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (Argentina) PNUD/ARG 3, 43 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Codignotto, J.O., R.R. Kokot and A.J.A. Monti, 2001: Cambios rápidos en la Costa de Caleta Valdés, Chubut. Asociación Geológica Argentina, 56, 67-72. [SRC]

Coleman, J.M., O.K. Huh, D.H. Braud, Jr. and H.H. Roberts, 2005: Major World Delta Variability and Wetland Loss. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies (GCAGS) Transactions, 55, 102-131 Clean

Coles, S.L., and B.E. Brown, 2003: Coral bleaching - capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Adv. Mar. Biol., 46, 183-224. [SRC]

Contreras-Espinosa, F., and B.G. Warner, 2004: Ecosystem characteristics and management considerations for coastal wetlands in Mexico. Hydrobiologia, 511, 233-245. Clean

Coombes, E., D. Burgess, N. Jackson, K. Turner and S. Cornell, 2004: Case study: Climate change and coastal management in practice - A cost-benefit assessment in the Humber, UK. 56 pp. [Accessed 30.05.07: http://www.eloisegroup.org/ themes/climatechange/contents.htm] [NPR]

Cooper, J.A.G., and O.H. Pilkey, 2004: Sea-level rise and shoreline retreat: time to abandon the Bruun Rule. Global Planet Change, 43, 157-171. Clean

Cooper, J.A.G., and F. Navas, 2004: Natural bathymetric change as a control on century-scale shoreline behaviour. Geology, 32, 513-516. Clean

Cooper, N., and H. Jay, 2002: Predictions of large-scale coastal tendency: development and application of a qualitative behaviour-based methodology. J. Coastal Res., S 36, 173-181. [MoS]

Cooper, N., P.C. Barber, M.C. Bray and D.J. Carter, 2002: Shoreline management plans: a national review and an engineering perspective. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water Maritime Engng., 154, 221-228. Clean

Cowell, P.J., M.J.F. Stive, A.W. Niedoroda, H.J. De Vriend, D.J.P. Swift, G.M. Kaminsky and M. Capobianco, 2003a: The coastal tract. Part 1: A conceptual approach to aggregated modelling of low-order coastal change. J. Coastal Res., 19, 812-827. [MoS]

Cowell, P.J., M.J.F. Stive, A.W. Niedoroda, D.J.P. Swift, H.J. De Vriend, M.C. Buijsman, R.J. Nicholls, P.S. Roy and Co-authors, 2003b: The coastal tract. Part 2: Applications of aggregated modelling of lower-order coastal change. J. Coastal Res., 19, 828-848. [MoS, SRC]

Cowell, P.J., B.G. Thom, R.A. Jones, C.H. Everts and D. Simanovic, 2006: Management of uncertainty in predicting climate-change impacts on beaches. J. Coastal Res., 22, 232. [MoS]

CRED, 2005: CRED Crunch. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2 pp. [NPR]

Crimp, S., J. Balston, A.J. Ash, L. Anderson-Berry, T. Done, R. Greiner, D. Hilbert, M. Howden and Co-authors, 2004: Climate Change in the Cairns and Great Barrier Reef region: Scope and Focus for an Integrated Assessment. Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, 100 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Crooks, S., 2004: The effect of sea-level rise on coastal geomorphology. Ibis, 146, 18-20. Clean

Crossland, C.J., H.H. Kremer, H.J. Lindeboom, J.I. Marshall Crossland and M.D.A. Le Tissier, 2005: Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene. The Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Series: Global Change - The IGBP Series, 232 pp. [NPR]

Dang, N.A., 2003: Internal migration policies in the ESCAP region. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 18, 27-40. Clean

Daniel, H., 2001: Replenishment versus retreat: the cost of maintaining Delaware’s beaches. Ocean Coast. Manage., 44, 87-104. [JoC]

Danielopol, D.L., C. Griebler, A. Gunatilaka and J. Notenboom, 2003: Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems. Environ. Conserv., 30, 104-130. [MoS]

Daufresne, M., M.C. Roger, H. Capra and N. Lamouroux, 2003: Long-term changes within the invertebrate and fish communities of the Upper Rhône River: effects of climatic factors. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 124-140. [JoC]

Davidson-Arnott, R.G.D., 2005: Conceptual model of the effects of sea-level rise on sandy coasts. J. Coastal Res., 21, 1173-1177. [MoS]

Dawson, R.J., J.W. Hall, P.D. Bates and R.J. Nicholls, 2005: Quantified analysis of the probability of flooding in the Thames Estuary under imaginable worst case sea-level rise scenarios. Int. J. Water. Resour. D., 21, 577-591. [SRC]

de Groot, T.A.M., 1999: Climate shifts and coastal changes in a geological perspective. A contribution to integrated coastal zone management. Geol. Mijnbouw, 77, 351-361. Clean

Defra, 2001: Shoreline Management Plans: A Guide for Coastal Defence Authorities. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, 77pp. [NPR]

Defra, 2004: Scientific and Technical Aspects of Climate Change, including Impacts and Adaptation and Associated Costs. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, 19 pp. [NPR]

Defra, 2006: Shoreline Management Plan Guidance. Volume 1: Aims and requirements. Department for Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, 54 pp. [NPR]

Dickinson, W.R., 2004: Impacts of eustasy and hydro-isostasy on the evolution and landforms of Pacific atolls. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 213, 251-269. Clean

Dickson, M.E., M.J.A. Walkden, J.W. Hall, S.G. Pearson and J. Rees, 2005: Numerical modelling of potential climate change impacts on rates of soft cliff recession, northeast Norfolk, UK. Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Dynamics, 4-8th April; Barcelona, Spain, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). [NPR, SRC]

Diffey, B., 2004: Climate change, ozone depletion and the impact on ultraviolet exposure of human skin. Phys. Med. Biol., 49, R1-R11. Clean

Dinas-Coast Consortium, 2006: Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment (DIVA), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam. [NPR]

Discovery Software, cited 2006: Software solutions for a dynamic world including STEMgis, FloodRanger, SimCoast and NineNil. [Accessed 10.04.07: www.discoverysoftware.co.uk] [NPR]

Dixon, T.H., F. Amelung, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, F. Rocca, R. Dokka, G. Sella, S.-W. Kim and Co-authors, 2006: Subsidence and flooding in New Orleans. Nature, 441, 587-588. [JoC]

Donnelly, J.P., P. Cleary, P. Newby and R. Ettinger, 2004: Coupling instrumental and geological records of sea level change: Evidence from southern New England of an increase in the rate of sea-level rise in the late 19th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, article no. L05203. [JoC]

Donner, S.D., W.J. Skirving, C.M. Little, M. Oppenheimer and O. Hoegh-Guldberg, 2005: Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 2251-2265. [JoC, ARC]

Douglas, A.E., 2003: Coral bleaching - how and why? Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46, 385-392. Clean

Doyle, T.W., R.H. Day and J.M. Biagas, 2003: Predicting coastal retreat in the Florida Big Bend region of the Gulf Coast under climate change induced sea-level rise. Integrated Assessment of the Climate Change Impacts on the Gulf Coast region. Foundation Document, Z.H. Ning, R.E. Turner, T. Doyle, and K. Abdollahi, Eds., Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 201-209. [NPR]

Drexler, J.E., 2001: Effect of the 1997-1998 ENSO-related drought on hydrology and salinity in a Micronesian wetland complex. Estuaries, 24, 343-358. Clean

Dronkers, J., 2005: Dynamics of Coastal Systems. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering. 25. World Scientific Publishing Company, Hackensack, 519 pp. [NPR, SRC]

DTI, 2002: Foresight Futures 2020. Revised Scenarios and Guidance. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), London. 36 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Duarte, C.M., 2002: The future of seagrass meadows. Environ. Conserv., 9, 192-206. [MoS]

Durongdej, S., 2001: Land use changes in coastal areas of Thailand. Proceedings of the APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Joint Conference on Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Asia – Pacific Region, 14-16th November 2000, Kobe, Japan, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 113-117. [NPR]

Easterling, W.E., 2003: Observed impacts of climate change in agriculture and forestry. IPCC Workshop on the Detection and Attribution of the Effects of Climate Change, June 17-19, New York City, USA. [NPR, ARC]

Ebi, K.L., and J.L. Gamble, 2005: Summary of a workshop on the future of health models and scenarios: strategies for the future. Environ. Health Persp., 113, 335. [MoS, ARC]

ECLAC, 2003: Handbook for Estimating the Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects. LC/MEX/G.5. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 357 pp. [NPR, MoS]

EFGC, 2006: Envisioning the Future of the Gulf Coast. Final report and findings. D. Reed, Ed. America’s Wetland: Campaign to Save Coastal Louisiana, 11 pp. [NPR, MoS]

El-Raey, M., 1997: Vulnerability assessment of the coastal zone of the Nile delta of Egypt, to the impacts of sea-level rise. Ocean Coast. Manage., 37, 29-40. [JoC]

Emanuel, K., 2005: Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature, 436, 686-688. [JoC]

Ericson, J.P., C.J. Vorosmarty, S.L. Dingman, L.G. Ward and M. Meybeck, 2006: Effective sea-level rise and deltas: causes of change and human dimension implications. Global Planet Change, 50, 63-82. Clean

Essink, G., 2001: Improving fresh groundwater supply - problems and solutions. Ocean Coast. Manage., 44, 429-449. [JoC]

Eurosion, 2004: Living with Coastal Erosion in Europe: Sediment and Space for Sustainability. Part-1 Major Findings and Policy Recommendations of the EUROSION Project. Guidelines for implementing local information systems dedicated to coastal erosion management. Service contract B4-3301/2001/329175/MAR/B3 “Coastal erosion – Evaluation of the need for action”. Directorate General Environment, European Commission, 54 pp. [NPR]

Evans, E.P., R.M. Ashley, J. Hall, E. Penning-Rowsell, P. Sayers, C. Thorne and A. Watkinson, 2004a: Foresight; Future Flooding. Scientific Summary. Volume II: Managing future risks. Office of Science and Technology, London. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Evans, E.P., R.M. Ashley, J. Hall, E. Penning-Rowsell, A. Saul, P. Sayers, C. Thorne and A. Watkinson, 2004b: Foresight; Future Flooding. Scientific Summary. Volume I: Future risks and their drivers. Office of Science and Technology, London. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Few, R., and F. Matthies, 2006: Responses to the health risks from flooding. Flood Hazards and Health: Responding to present and future risks, R. Few, and F. Matthies, Eds., Earthscan, London. [NPR, MoS]

Few, R., K. Brown and E.L. Tompkins, 2004a: Scaling Adaptation: Climate Change Response and Coastal Management in the UK. Working paper 60. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 24 pp. [NPR]

Few, R., M. Ahern, F. Matthies and S. Kovats, 2004b: Floods, Health and Climate Change: A Strategic Review. Working Paper 63. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 138 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Finkl, C.W., 2002: Long-term analysis of trends in shore protection based on papers appearing in the Journal of Coastal Research, 1984-2000. J. Coastal Res., 18, 211-224. Clean

Finlayson, C.M., and I. Eliot, 2001: Ecological assessment and monitoring of coastal wetlands in Australia’s wet-dry tropics: a paradigm for elsewhere? Coast. Manage., 29, 105-115. Clean

Flak, L.K., R.W. Jackson and D.N. Stearn, 2002: Community vulnerability assessment tool methodology. Natural Hazards Review, 3, 163-176. Clean

Fletcher, C.A., and T. Spencer, Eds., 2005: Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 691 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Forbes, D.L., 2005: Coastal erosion. Encyclopedia of the Arctic, M. Nutall, Ed., Routledge, 391-393. [NPR, SRC]

Forbes, D.L., G.K. Manson, R. Chagnon, S.M. Solomon, J.J. van der Sanden and T.L. Lynds, 2002: Nearshore ice and climate change in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ice in the Environment Proceedings of the 16th International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research International Symposium on Ice, Dunedin, New Zealand, 344-351. [NPR, PoC, SRC]

Forbes, D.L., G.S. Parkes, G.K. Manson and L.A. Ketch, 2004a: Storms and shoreline erosion in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Geol., 210, 169-204. [SRC]

Forbes, D.L., M. Craymer, G.K. Manson and S.M. Solomon, 2004b: Defining limits of submergence and potential for rapid coastal change in the Canadian Arctic. Ber. Polar- Meeresforsch., 482, 196-202. [PoC, JoC, SRC]

Fox, S., 2003: When the Weather is uggianaqtuq: Inuit Observations of Environmental Change. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. CD-ROM. University of Colorado, Boulder. [NPR]

Furakawa, K., and S. Baba, 2001: Effects of sea-level rise on Asian mangrove forests. Proceedings of the APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Joint Conference on Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Asia – Pacific Region, 14-16th November 2000, Kobe, Japan, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 219-224. [NPR]

Gardner, T.A., I.M. Côté, J.A. Gill, A. Grant and A.R. Watkinson, 2003: Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science, 301, 958-960. [JoC, ARC]

Gardner, T.A., I.M. Côté, J.A. Gill, A. Grant and A.R. Watkinson , 2005: Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline. Ecology, 86, 174-184. [ARC]

Genner, M.J., D.W. Sims, V.J. Wearmouth, E.J. Southall, A.J. Southward, P.A. Henderson and S.J. Hawkins, 2004: Regional climatic warming drives long-term community changes of British marine fish. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 271, 655-661. Clean

Gibbons, S.J.A., and R.J. Nicholls, 2006: Island abandonment and sea-level rise: An historical analog from the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Glob. Environ. Chang., 16, 40-47. [JoC, SRC]

Goklany, I.M., 2005: A climate policy for the short and medium term: Stabilization or adaptation? Energy Environ., 16, 667-680. Clean

Gornitz, V., S. Couch and E.K. Hartig, 2002: Impacts of sea-level rise in the New York City metropolitan area. Global Planet Change, 32, 61-88. [ARC]

Graham, N.A.J., S.K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N.V.C. Polunin, J.P. Bijoux and J. Robinson, 2006: Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 8425-8429. [ARC]

Graumann, A.,T. Houston, J. Lawrimore, D. Levinson, N. Lott, S. McCown, S. Stephens and D.Wuertz, 2005: Hurricane Katrina - a climatological perpective. October 2005, updated August 2006. Technical Report 2005-01. 28 p. NOAA National Climate Data Center, available at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa/reports/tech-report-200501z.pdf [NPR]

Green, C., and E. Penning-Rowsell, 1999: Inherent conflicts at the coast. J. Coast. Conserv., 5, 153-162. Clean

Green, D.R., and S.D. King, 2002: Coastal and Marine Geo-Information Systems: Applying the Technology to the Environment. Kluwer, 596 pp. [NPR]

Guinotte, J.M., R.W. Buddemeier and J.A. Kleypas, 2003: Future coral reef habitat marginality: temporal and spatial effects of climate change in the Pacific basin. Coral Reefs, 22, 551-558. [MoS]

Hale, S.S., A.H. Miglarese, M.P. Bradley, T.J. Belton, L.D. Cooper, M.T. Frame, C.A. Friel, L.M. Harwell and Co-authors, 2003: Managing troubled data: Coastal data partnerships smooth data integration. Environ. Monit. Assess., 81, 133-148. Clean

Hall, J.W., R.. Dawson, S. Lavery, R. Nicholls, J. Wicks and D. Parker, 2005: Tidal Flood Risk in London Under Stabilisation Scenarios, Symposium on Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, 1-3 February, Exeter. Poster session paper, extended abstract, 4 pp. [Accessed 12.04.07: http://www.stabilisation2005.com/ posters/Hall_Jim.pdf] [NPR, SRC]

Hall, J.W., I.C. Meadowcroft, E.M. Lee and P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder, 2002: Stochastic simulation of episodic soft coastal cliff recession. Coast. Eng., 46, 159-174. [MoS, SRC]

Hall, J.W., P.B. Sayers, M.J.A. Walkden and M. Panzeri, 2006: Impacts of climate change on coastal flood risk in England and Wales: 2030-2100. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 364, 1027-1050. [JoC, SRC]

Hall, M.J., 2003: Global warming and the demand for water. J. Chart. Inst. Water E., 17, 157-161. Clean

Hall, S.J., 2002: The continental shelf benthic ecosystem: current status, agents for change and future prospects. Environ. Conserv., 29, 350-374. [MoS]

Hallock, P., 2005: Global change and modern coral reefs: new opportunities to understand shallow-water carbonate depositional processes. Sediment. Geol., 175, 19-33. Clean

Hamilton, J.M., D.R. Maddison and R.S.J. Tol, 2005: Climate change and international tourism: a simulation study. Glob. Environ. Chang., 15, 253-266. [JoC, MoS, SRC]

Hamm, L., and M.J.F. Stive, Eds., 2002: Shore nourishment in Europe. Coast. Eng., 47, 79-263. [NPR]

Hansom, J.D., 2001: Coastal sensitivity to environmental change: a view from the beach. Catena, 42, 291-305. Clean

Hanson, H., A. Brampton, M. Capobianco, H.H. Dette, L. Hamm, C. Laustrup, A. Lechuga and R. Spanhoff, 2002: Beach nourishment projects, practices, and objectives - a European overview. Coast. Eng., 47, 81-111. Clean

Harley, C.D.G., A.R. Hughes, K.M. Hultgren, B.G. Miner, C.J.B. Sorte, C.S. Thornber, L.F. Rodriguez, L. Tomanek and S.L. Williams, 2006: The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecol. Lett., 9, 228-241. Clean

Harvey, N., 2006a: Rates and impacts of global sea level change. New Frontiers in Environmental Research, M.P. Glazer, Ed., Nova Science Publishers, Hauppage, New York [NPR, ARC]

Harvey, N., Ed., 2006b: Global Change and Integrated Coastal Management. The Asia-Pacific Region. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins. 10. Springer, New York. 340 pp. [NPR]

Hawkins, S.J., A.J. Southward and M.J. Genner, 2003: Detection of environmental change in a marine ecosystem - evidence from the western English Channel. Sci. Total Environ., 310, 245-256. Clean

Hay, J.E., and N. Mimura, 2005: Sea-level rise: Implications for water resources management. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 10, 717-737. [SRC]

Hay, J.E., and N. Mimura , 2006: Supporting climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessments in the Asia-Pacific Region – An example of sustainability science. Sustainability Science, 1, DOI 10.1007/s11625-11006-10011-11628. [SRC]

Hayne, M., and J. Chappell, 2001: Cyclone frequency during the last 5000 years at Curacao Island, north Queensland, Australia. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 168, 207-219. Clean

Heinz Center, 2000: The Hidden Costs of Coastal Hazards: Implications for Risk Assessment and Mitigation. A multisector collaborative project of the H. John Heinz Center for Science, Economics, and the Environment. Island Press, 220 pp. [NPR]

Helmer, M., and D. Hilhorst, 2006: Natural disasters and climate change. Disasters, 30, 1-4. Clean

Helmuth, B., N. Mieszkowska, P. Moore and S.J. Hawkins, 2006: Living on the edge of two changing worlds: Forecasting the responses of rocky intertidal ecosystems to climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 37, 373-404. [MoS]

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1999: Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar. Freshwater Res.., 50, 839-866. [MoS, ARC]

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2004: Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change. Symbiosis, 37, 1-31. [ARC]

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 2005: Low coral cover in a high-CO₂ world. J. Geophys. Res., [Oceans], 110, C09S06. [ARC]

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., H. Hoegh-Guldberg, H. Cesar and A. Timmerman, 2000: Pacific in peril: biological, economic and social impacts of climate change on Pacific coral reefs. Greenpeace, 72 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Hosking, A., and R. McInnes, 2002: Preparing for the impacts of climate change on the Central Southeast of England: A framework for future risk management. J. Coastal Res., S36, 381-389. [MoS]

Hughes, L., 2003: Climatic change and Australia: Trends, projections and impacts. Austral. Ecol., 28, 423-443. [MoS, ARC]

Hughes, R.J., 2004: Climate change and loss of saltmarshes: Consequences for birds. Ibis, 146, 21-28. Clean

Hughes, T.P., D.R. Bellwood, C. Folke, R.S. Steneck and J. Wilson, 2005: New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol., 20, 380-386. [ARC]

Hughes, T.P., A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg and Co-authors, 2003: Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301, 929-933. [JoC, ARC]

Hulme, M., G.J. Jenkins, X. Lu, J.R. Turnpenny, T.D. Mitchell, R.G. Jones, J. Lowe, J.M. Murphy and Co-authors, 2002: Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom: The UKCIP02 Scientific Report. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 120 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Hunt, J.C.R., 2002: Floods in a changing climate: a review. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 360, 1531-1543. [JoC]

Hunter, P.R., 2003: Climate change and waterborne and vectorborne disease. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 37-46. Clean

Hutchinson, J.N., 1998: A small-scale field check on the Fisher-Lehmann and Bakker-Le Heux cliff degradation models. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 23, 913-926. [MoS]

Ingram, I., 2005: Adaptation behaviour before to the 2004/05 tropical cyclone season in the Cook Islands. Island Climate Update 58. National Climate Center. [Accessed 22.01.07: http://www.niwascience.co.nz/ncc/icu/2005-07/article] [NPR]

IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1032 pp. [NPR]

IPCC CZMS, 1990: Strategies for Adaptation to Sea-level rise. Report of the Coastal Zone Management Subgroup, Response Strategies Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (the Netherlands), x + 122 pp. [NPR]

ISDR, 2004: Living With Risk: a Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). [NPR]

Isobe, M., 2001: A Theory of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Japan. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 17 pp. [NPR]

IUCN, 2003: Indus Delta, Pakistan: Economic Costs of Reduction in Freshwater Flows. Case studies in Wetland Valuation 5. The World Conservation Union, Pakistan Country Office, Karachi, 6 pp. [NPR]

Jaagus, J., 2006: Trends in sea ice conditions in the Baltic Sea near the Estonian coast during the period 1949/1950-2003/2004 and their relationships to large-scale atmospheric circulation. Boreal Environ. Res., 11, 169-183. Clean

Jackson, N.L., K.F. Nordstrom, I. Eliot and G. Masselink, 2002: ‘Low energy’ sandy beaches in marine and estuarine environments: a review. Geomorphology, 48, 147-162. Clean

Jenks, G., J. Dah and D. Bergin, 2005: Changing paradigms in coastal protection ideology: The role of dune management. Presentation to NZ Coastal Society Annual Conference, 12-14 October, Tutukaka, Northland New Zealand, 27pp. [NPR]

Jennerjahn, T.C., and V. Ittekkot, 2002: Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften, 89, 23-30. Clean

Jevrejeva, S., V.V. Drabkin, J. Kostjukov, A.A. Lebedev, M. Lepparanta, Y.U. Mironov, N. Schmelzer and M. Sztobryn, 2004: Baltic Sea ice seasons in the twentieth century. Climate Res., 25, 217-227. Clean

Jiongxin, X., 2003: Sediment flux to the sea as influenced by changing human activities and precipitation: example of the Yellow River, China. Environ. Manage, 31, 328-341. Clean

Johannessen, O.M., L. Bengtsson, M.W. Miles, S.I. Kuzmina, V.A. Semenov, G.V. Aleekseev, A.P. Nagurnyi, V.F. Zakharov and Co-authors, 2002: Arctic climate change - Observed and modeled temperature and sea ice variability. Technical Report 218. Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre, Bergen. [NPR, MoS]

Jonkman, S.N., M.J. Stive and J.K. Vrijling, 2005: New Orleans is a lesson for the Dutch. J. Coastal Res., 21, xi-xii. Clean

Justic, D., N.N. Rabalais and R.E. Turner, 2005: Coupling between climate variability and coastal eutrophication: evidence and outlook for the northern Gulf of Mexico. J. Sea Res., 54, 25-35. Clean

Kay, R., and J. Adler, 2005: Coastal Planning and Management. 2nd edition. Routeledge. 380 pp. [NPR]

Kendall, M.A., M.T. Burrows, A.J. Southward and S.J. Hawkins, 2004: Predicting the effects of marine climate change on the invertebrate prey of the birds of rocky shores. Ibis, 146, 40-47. [MoS]

Kennish, M.J., 2002: Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. Environ. Conserv., 29, 78-107. [MoS]

Khan, M., 2001: National Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Implementation Plan for Guyana. Caribbean: Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change, CPACC Component 4. National Ozone Action Unit of Guyana/Hydrometeorological Service, 18 Brickdam, Georgetown, Guyana, 74 pp. [NPR]

Khiyami, H.A., Z. ?en, S.C. Al-Harthy, F.A. Al-Ammawi, A.B. Al-Balkhi, M.I. Al-Zahrani and H.M. Al-Hawsawy, 2005: Flood Hazard Evaluation in Wadi Hali and Wadi Yibah. Technical Report. Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 138 pp. [NPR]

King, D.A., 2004: Climate change science: adapt, mitigate, or ignore? Science, 303, 176-177. [JoC, ARC]

Klein, R.J.T., and R.S.J. Tol, 1997: Adaptation to Climate Change: Options and Technologies - An Overview Paper. Technical Paper FCCC/TP/1997/3. UNFCC Secretariat. 37 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Klein, R.J.T., R.J. Nicholls, S. Ragoonaden, M. Capobianco, J. Aston and E.N. Buckley, 2001: Technological options for adaptation to climate change in coastal zones. J. Coastal Res., 17, 531-543. [SRC]

Klein, R.J.T., R.J. Nicholls and F. Thomalla, 2002: The resilience of coastal megacities to weather-related hazards: A review. Proceedings of The Future of Disaster Risk: Building Safer Cities, A. Kreimer, M. Arnold and A. Carlin, Eds., World Bank Group, Washington, District of Columbia, 111-137. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Klein, R.J.T., R.J. Nicholls and F. Thomalla , 2003: Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? Environmental Hazards, 5, 35-45. [SRC]

Kleypas, J.A., and C. Langdon, 2002: Overview of CO₂-induced changes in seawater chemistry. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 23-27th October 2000, Bali, Indonesia, 1085-1089. [NPR]

Knogge, T., M. Schirmer and B. Schuchardt, 2004: Landscape-scale socio-economics of sea-level rise. Ibis, 146, 11-17. Clean

Kobayashi, H., 2004: Impact evaluation of sea-level rise on Indonesian coastal cities - Micro approach through field survey and macro approach through satellite image analysis. Journal of Global Environment Engineering, 10, 77-91. Clean

Kokot, R.R., J.O. Codignotto and M. Elisondo, 2004: Vulnerabilidad al ascenso del nivel del mar en la costa de la provincia de Río Negro. Asociación Geológica Argentina Rev, 59, 477-487. [SRC]

Komar, P.D., 1998: Beach and Nearshore Sedimentation. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. [NPR]

Kont, A., J. Jaagus, R. Aunap, U. Ratasa and R. Rivis, 2007: Implications of sea-level rise for Estonia. J. Coastal Res., in press. [NPR, 2007]

Koreysha, M.M., F.M. Rivkin and N.V. Ivanova, 2002: The classification of Russian Arctic coasts for their engineering protection. Extreme Phenomena in Cryosphere: Basic and Applied Aspects, Russian Academy of Sciences, 65-66 (in Russian). [NPR]

Kovats, R.S., and A. Haines, 2005: Global climate change and health: recent findings and future steps. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 172, 501-502. [MoS]

Kovats, R.S., M.J. Bouma, S. Hajat, E. Worrall and A. Haines, 2003: El Niño and health. Lancet, 362, 1481-1489. Clean

Kovats, R.S., D. Campbell-Lendrum and F. Matthies, 2005: Climate change and human health: estimating avoidable deaths and disease. Risk Anal., 25, 1409-1418. [MoS]

Krauss, K.W., J.L. Chambers, J.A. Allen, D.M. Soileau Jr. and A.S. DeBosier, 2000: Growth and nutrition of baldcypress families planted under varying salinity regimes in Louisiana, USA. J. Coastal Res., 16, 153-163. Clean

Kremer, H.H., M.D.A. Le Tisser, P.R. Burbridge, L. Talaue-McManus, N.N. Rabalais, J. Parslow, C.J. Crossland and W. Young, 2004: Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone: Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. IGBP Report 51/IHDP Report 18. IGBP Secretariat, 60 pp. [NPR]

Lavery, S., and B. Donovan, 2005: Flood risk management in the Thames Estuary: looking ahead 100 years. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1455-1474. [JoC]

Leatherman, S.P., 2001: Social and economic costs of sea-level rise. Sea-level rise, History and Consequences, B.C. Douglas, M.S. Kearney, and S.P. Leatherman, Eds., Academic Press, 181-223. [NPR]

LeClerq, N., J.-P. Gattuso, and J. Jaubert, 2002: Primary production, respiration, and calcification of a coral reef mesocosm under increased CO₂ pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 558-564. Clean

Ledoux, L., and R.K. Turner, 2002: Valuing ocean and coastal resources: a review of practical examples and issues for further action. Ocean Coast. Manage., 45, 583-616. [JoC]

Ledoux, L., R.K. Turner, L. Mathieu, and S. Crooks, 2001: Valuing ocean and coastal resources: Practical examples and issues for further action. Paper presented at the Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Assessing Progress, Addressing Continuing and New Challenges, Paris, UNESCO, 37. [NPR]

Leont’yev, I.O., 2003: Modelling erosion of sedimentary coasts in the Western Russian Arctic. Coast. Eng., 47, 413-429. [MoS]

Lesser, M.P., 2004: Experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 300, 217-252. Clean

Lestak, L.R., W.F. Manley, and J.A. Maslanik, 2004: Photogrammetric analysis of coastal erosion along the Chukchi coast at Barrow, Alaska. Ber. Polar- Meeresforsch., 482, 38-40. [JoC]

Li, C.X., D.D. Fan, B. Deng, and V. Korotaev, 2004: The coasts of China and issues of sea-level rise. J. Coastal Res., 43, 36-47. [ARC]

Lipp, E.K., A. Huq, and R.R. Colwell, 2004: Health climate and infectious disease: a global perspective. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 15, 757-770. Clean

Lise, W., and R.S.J. Tol, 2002: Impact of climate on tourist demand. Climatic Change, 55, 429-449. [JoC, SRC]

Little, A.F., M.J.H. van Oppen and B. L. Willis, 2004: Flexibility in algal endosymbioses shapes growth in reef corals. Science, 304, 1492-1494. [JoC]

Liu, Y., 2002: A strategy of ground-water distribution exploitation to mitigate the magnitude of subsidence. Abstracts from the Denver Annual Meeting, Denver, The Geological Society of America, Paper no. 116-8. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_40369.htm] [NPR]

Lomas, M.W., P.M. Glibert, F. Shiah and E.M. Smith, 2002: Microbial process and temperature in Chesapeake Bay: Current relationships and potential impacts of regional warming. Glob. Change Biol., 8, 51-70. [JoC]

Lotze, H.K., H.S. Lenihan, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R.G. Cooke, M.C. Kay, S.M. Kidwell, M.X. Kirby, C.H. Peterson and J.B.C. Jackson, 2006: Depletion, degradation and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science, 312, 1806-1809. [JoC]

Lough, J.M., 2000: 1997-98: unprecedented thermal stress to coral reefs? Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3901-3904. [JoC]

Lough, J.M., and D.J. Barnes, 2000: Environmental controls on growth of the massive coral porites. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 245, 225-243. Clean

Lowe, J.A., and J.M. Gregory, 2005: The effects of climate change on storm surges around the United Kingdom. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1313-1328. [JoC, SRC]

Luers, A.L., and S.C. Moser, 2006: Preparing for the impacts of climate change in California: Opportunities and constraints for adaptation. Report CEC-500-2005-198-SF. California Climate Change Center. 47 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Mackenzie, F.T., A. Lerman and L.M. Ver, 2001: Recent past and future of the global carbon cycle. Geological Perspectives of Global Climate Change, L.C. Gerhard, W.E. Harrison and M.M. Hanson, Eds., American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), 51-82. [NPR]

Madisson, D., 2001: In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change, 49, 193-208. [JoC]

Manson, G.K., S.M. Solomon, D.L. Forbes, D.E. Atkinson and M. Craymer, 2006: Spatial variability of factors influencing coastal change in the western Canadian Arctic. Geo-Mar. Lett., 25, 138-145. [PoC, JoC, SRC]

Maracchi, G., O. Sirotenko and M. Bindi, 2005: Impacts of present and future climate variability on agriculture and forestry in the temperate regions: Europe. Climatic Change, 70, 117-135. [JoC, MoS, ARC]

McFadden, L., T. Spencer and R.J. Nicholls, 2007a: Broad-scale modelling of coastal wetlands: What is required? Hydrobiologia, 577, 5-15. [MoS, SRC, 2007]

McFadden, L., R.J. Nicholls and E. Penning-Rowsell, Eds., 2007b: Managing Coastal Vulnerability, Elsevier, Oxford, 282pp. [NPR, 2007]

McInnes, K.L., K.J.E. Walsh, G.D. Hubbert and T. Beer, 2003: Impact of sea-level rise and storm surges on a coastal community. Nat. Hazards, 30, 187-207. [SRC]

McLaughlin, J., A. DePaola, C.A. Bopp, K.A. Martinek, N.P. Napolilli, C.G. Allison, S.L. Murray, E.C. Thompson, M.M. Bird and M.D. Middaugh, 2006: Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. N. Engl. J. Med., 353, 1463-1470. Clean

McLean, R., A. Tsyban, V. Burkett, J.O. Codignotto, D.L. Forbes, N. Mimura, R.J. Beamish and V. Ittekkot, 2001: Coastal zone and marine ecosystems. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 343-380. [NPR, SRC]

McLean, R.F., and J.-S. Shen, 2006: From foreshore to foredune: Foredune development over the last 30 years at Moruya Beach, New South Wales, Australia. J. Coastal Res., 22, 28-36. [SRC]

McRobie, A., T. Spencer and H. Gerritsen, 2005: The Big Flood: North Sea storm surge. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1261-1491. [JoC, ARC]

McWilliams, J.P., I.M. Côté, J.A. Gill, W.J. Sutherland and A.R. Watkinson, 2005: Accelerating impacts of temperature-induced coral bleaching in the Caribbean. Ecology, 86, 2055. [ARC]

Meehl, G.A., W.M. Washington, W.D. Collins, J.M. Arblaster, A. Hu, L.E. Buja, W.G. Strand and H. Teng, 2005: How much more global warming and sea-level rise? Science, 307, 1769-1772. [JoC, SRC]

Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A. Gaye, J. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti and Co-authors, 2007: Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747-846. [NPR, ARC, 2007]

Melillo, J.M., A.C. Janetos, T.R. Karl, R.C. Corell, E.J. Barron, V. Burkett, T.F. Cecich, K. Jacobs and Co-authors, Eds., 2000: Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The potential consequences of climate variability and change, Overview. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 154 pp. [NPR, PoC, SRC]

MESSINA, cited 2006: Integrating the shoreline into spatial policies. Managing European Shoreline and Sharing Information on Nearshore Areas (MESSINA). 191 pp. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.interreg-messina.org/documents/CoastalToolkit/Zipped/MESSINA%20-%20Practical%20Guide%20-%20Integrating%20the%20Shoreline.zip] [NPR]

Michot, T.C., 2000: Comparison of wintering redhead populations in four Gulf of Mexico seagrass beds. Limnology and Aquatic Birds: Monitoring, Modelling and Management, F.A. Comin, J.A. Herrera and J. Ramirez, Eds., Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, 243-260. [NPR, MoS]

Middleton, B.A., and K.L. McKee, 2001: Degradation of mangrove tissues and implications for peat formation in Belizean island forests. J. Ecol., 89, 818-828. Clean

Mieszkowska, N., M.A. Kendall, S.J. Hawkins, R. Leaper, P. Williamson, N.J. Hardman-Mountford and A.J. Southward, 2006: Changes in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain - a response to climate change? Hydrobiologia, 555, 241-251. Clean

Milly, P.C.D., K.A. Dunne and A.V. Vecchia, 2005: Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate. Nature, 438 347-350. [JoC]

Milne, N., P. Christie, R. Oram, R.L. Eisma and A.T. White, 2003: Integrated Coastal Management Process Sustainability Reference Book. University of Washington School of Marine Affairs, Silliman University and the Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, 50 pp. [NPR]

Mimura, N., 2001: Distribution of vulnerability and adaptation in the Asia and Pacific Region. Global Change and Asia Pacific Coasts. Proceedings of the APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Joint Conference on Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Asia – Pacific Region, 14-16th November 2000, Kobe, Japan, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 21-25. [NPR, ARC]

Ministry for the Environment, 2001: Climate change impacts on New Zealand. Report prepared by the Ministry for the Environment as part of the New Zealand Climate Change Programme. Ministry for the Environment, 39 pp. [NPR]

Mitchell, J.F.B., J. Lowe, R.A. Wood and M. Vellinga, 2006: Extreme events due to human-induced climate change. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 364, 2117-2133. [JoC, SRC]

Mohanti, M., 2000: Unprecedented supercyclone in the Orissa Coast of the Bay of Bengal, India. Cogeoenvironment Newsletter. Commission on Geological Sciences for Environmental Planning of the International Union on Geological Sciences, 16, 11-13. Clean

Moore, M.V., M.L. Pace, J.R. Mather, P.S. Murdoch, R.W. Howarth, C.L. Folt, C.Y. Chen, H.F. Hemond, P.A. Flebbe and C.T. Driscoll, 1997: Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New England/mid-Atlantic region. Hydrol. Process., 11, 925-947. Clean

Morris, J.T., P.V. Sundareshwar, C.T. Nietch, B. Kjerfve and D.R. Cahoon, 2002: Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level. Ecology, 83, 2869-2877. Clean

Morton, R.A., T.L. Miller and L.J. Moore, 2004: National assessment of shoreline change: Part 1 Historical shoreline changes and associated coastal land loss along the U.S.Gulf Of Mexico. Open File Report 2004-1043. U.S. Geological Survey, 44 pp. [NPR]

Moser, S., 2000: Community responses to coastal erosion: Implications of potential policy changes to the National Flood Insurance Program. Evaluation of Erosion Hazards: A Project of The H. John Heinz II Center for Science Economics and the Environment. Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 99 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Moser, S., 2005: Impacts assessments and policy responses to sea-level rise in three U.S. States: An exploration of human dimension uncertainties. Glob. Environ. Chang., 15, 353-369. [JoC, SRC]

Moser, S., 2006: Climate scenarios and projections: The known, the unknown, and the unknowable as applied to California. Synthesis Report of a Workshop held at the Aspen Global Change Institute, Aspen Global Change Institute, Aspen, Colorado, 7 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Muir-Wood, R., M. Drayton, A. Berger, P. Burgess and T. Wright, 2005: Catastrophe loss modelling of storm-surge flood risk in eastern England. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1407-1422. [JoC, MoS, ARC]

Munich Re Group, 2004: Annual Review Natural Catastrophes in 2003. Topics Geo. Munich Re Group, Munich, 56 pp. [NPR]

Myatt, L.B., M.D. Scrimshaw and J.N. Lester, 2003: Public perceptions and attitudes towards a current managed realignment scheme: Brancaster West Marsh, North Norfolk, U.K. J. Coastal Res., 19, 278-286. Clean

Nakićenović, N., and R. Swart, Eds., 2000: Emissions Scenarios. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 599 pp. [NPR]

NAST, 2000: Climate Change Impacts in the United States, Overview. Report for the U.S. Global Change Research Program. National Assessment Synthesis Team Members (NAST), 154 pp. [NPR]

Neumann, J.E., G. Yohe, R.J. Nicholls and M. Manion, 2000: Sea Level Rise and Global Climate Change: A Review of Impacts to U.S. Coasts. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, Virginia43 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Ng, W.S., and R. Mendelsohn, 2005: The impact of sea-level rise on Singapore. Environ. Dev Econ., 10, 201-215. Clean

Nicholls, R.J., 2004: Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Glob. Environ. Chang., 14, 69-86. [JoC, SRC]

Nicholls, R.J., 2006: Storm surges in coastal areas. Natural Disaster Hotspots: Case Studies. Disaster Risk Management 6, M. Arnold, R.S. Chen, U. Deichmann, M. Dilley, A.L. Lerner-Lam, R.E. Pullen and Z. Trohanis, Eds., The World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, 79-108. [NPR, SRC]

Nicholls, R.J., and R.J.T. Klein, 2005: Climate change and coastal management on Europe’s coast. Managing European Coasts: Past, Present and Future, J.E. Vermaat, L. Bouwer, K. Turner and W. Salomons, Eds., Springer, Environmental Science Monograph Series. 199-226. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Nicholls, R.J., and J.A. Lowe, 2006: Climate stabilisation and impacts of sea-level rise. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, H.J. Schellnhuber, W. Cramer, N. Nakićenović, T.M.L. Wigley and G. Yohe, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 195-202. [NPR, SRC]

Nicholls, R.J., and R.S.J. Tol, 2006: Impacts and responses to sea-level rise: a global analysis of the SRES scenarios over the twenty-first century. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 364, 1073-1095. [JoC, SRC]

Nicholls, R.J., S.E. Hanson, J. Lowe, D.A. Vaughan, T. Lenton, A. Ganopolski, R.S.J. Tol and A.T. Vafeidis, 2006: Metrics for Assessing the Economic Benefits of Climate Change Policies: Sea Level Rise. Report to the OECD. ENV/EPOC/GSP(2006)3/FINAL. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 128 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Nikiforov, S.L., N.N. Dunaev, S.A. Ogorodov and A.B. Artemyev, 2003: Physical geographic characteristics. The Pechora Sea: Integrated Research, E.A. Romankevich, A.P. Lisitzin and M.E. Vinogradov, Eds., MOPE, (in Russian). [NPR]

Nilsson, C., C.A. Reidy, M. Dynesius and C. Revenga, 2005: Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world’s large river systems. Science, 308, 405-408. [JoC]

NOAA, 2007: Billion dollar U.S. weather disasters, 1980-2006. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html [Accessed 13.04.07] [NPR, 2007]

NOAA Coastal Services Center, 1999: Community Vulnerability Assessment Tool. CD-ROM Available from NOAA Coastal Services Center, Charleston, South Carolina http://www.csc.noaa.gov/products/nchaz/startup.htm. [Accessed 13.04.07] [NPR]

Nordstrom, K.F., 2000: Beaches and Dunes of Developed Coasts. Cambridge University Press, 338 pp. [NPR]

Noronha, L., 2004: Coastal management policy: observations from an Indian case. Ocean Coast. Manage., 47, 63-77. [JoC]

Norris, K., P.W. Atkinson and J.A. Gill, 2004: Climate change and coastal waterbird populations - past declines and future impacts. Ibis, 149, 82-89. [MoS]

Nott, J., and M. Hayne, 2001: High frequency of ‘super-cyclones’ along the Great Barrier Reef over the past 5,000 years. Nature, 413, 508-512. [JoC]

NRC, 1990: Managing Coastal Erosion. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 204 pp. [NPR]

NRC , 2004: River Basins and Coastal Systems Planning within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, District of Columbia,167 pp. [NPR]

NRC , 2006: Drawing Louisiana’s New Map; Addressing Land Loss in Coastal Louisiana. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 204 pp. [NPR]

Nyong, A., and I. Niang-Diop, 2006: Impacts of climate change in the tropics: the African experience. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, H.J. Schellnhuber, W. Cramer, N. Nakićenović, T.M.L. Wigley and G. Yohe, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 235-241. [NPR, ARC]

Obura, D.O., 2005: Resilience and climate change: lessons from coral reefs and bleaching in the western Indian Ocean. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci., 63, 353-372. Clean

Ogorodov, S.A., 2003: Coastal dynamics in the Pechora Sea under technogenic impact. Ber. Polar- Meeresforsch, 443, 74-80. [JoC]

Ohno, E., 2001: Economic evaluation of impact of land loss due to sea-level rise in Thailand. Proceedings of the APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Joint Conference on Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Asia – Pacific Region, 14-16th November 2000, Kobe, Japan, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 231-235. [NPR]

Okude, A.S., and I.A. Ademiluyi, 2006: Coastal erosion phenomenon in Nigeria: Causes, control and implications. World Applied Sciences Journal, 1, 44-51. Clean

Olesen, J.E., T.R. Carter, C.H. Díaz-Ambrona, S. Fronzek, T. Heidmann, T. Hickler, T. Holt, M.I. Minguez and Co-authors, 2006: Uncertainties in projected impacts of climate change on European agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems based on scenarios from regional climate models. Climatic Change, doi: 10.1007/s10584-006-9216-1. [NPR, ARC]

Olsen, S.B., W. Matuszeski, T.V. Padma and H.J.M. Wickremeratne, 2005: Rebuilding after the tsunami: Getting it right. Ambio, 34, 611-614. Clean

Ong, J.E., 2001: Vulnerability of Malaysia to sea level change. Proceedings of the APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Joint Conference on Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Asia – Pacific Region, 14-16th November 2000, Kobe, Japan, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 89-93. [NPR, SRC]

Orford, J.D., S.C. Jennings and D.L. Forbes, 2001: Origin, development, reworking and breakdown of gravel-dominated coastal barriers in Atlantic Canada: future scenarios for the British coast. Ecology and Geomorphology of Coastal Shingle, J.R. Packham, R.E. Randall, R.S.K. Barnes and A. Neal, Eds., Westbury Academic and Scientific Publishing, Otley, West Yorkshire. [NPR, SRC]

Orford, J.D., S.C. Jennings and J. Pethick, 2003: Extreme storm effect on gravel-dominated barriers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Sediments 2003, R.A. Davis, Ed., World Scientific Publishing Corporation and East Meets West Productions, Corpus Christi, Texas, CD-ROM. [NPR]

Otter, H.S., 2000: Complex Adaptive Land Use Systems: An Interdisciplinary Approach with Agent-based Models. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands, 245 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Otter, H.S., A. van der Veen and H.J. de Vriend, 2001: Spatial patterns and location behaviour: ABLOOM: An explanation based on agent based modelling. JASSS, 4, 1460-7425. [MoS]

Paerl, H.W., J.D. Bales, L.W. Ausley, C.P. Buzzelli, L.B. Crowder, L.A. Eby, J.M. Fear, M. Go and Co-authors, 2001: Ecosystem impacts of three sequential hurricanes (Dennis, Floyd, and Irene) on the United States’ largest lagoonal estuary, Pamlico Sound, NC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 5655-5660. [JoC]

Pandolfi, J.M., R.H. Bradbury, E. Sala, T.P. Hughes, K.A. Bjorndal, R.G. Cooke, D. McArdle, L. McClenachan and Co-authors, 2003: Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science, 301, 955-958. [JoC, ARC]

Parson, E.A., R.W. Corell, E.J. Barron, V. Burkett, A. Janetos, L. Joyce, T.R. Karl, M.C. MacCracken and Co-authors, 2003: Understanding climatic impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation in the United States: Building a capacity for assessment. Climatic Change, 57, 9-42. [PoC, JoC, SRC]

Pascual, M., M.J. Bouma and A.P. Dobson, 2002: Cholera and climate: revisiting the quantitative evidence. Microbes Infect., 4, 237-246. Clean

Pearson, S., J. Rees, C. Poulton, M. Dickson, M. Walkden, J. Hall, R. Nicholls, M. Mokrech and Co-authors, 2005: Towards an Integrated Coastal Sediment Dynamics and Shoreline Response Simulator. Technical report 38. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 53 pp. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Peperzak, L., 2005: Future increase in harmful algal blooms in the North Sea due to climate change. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 31-36. [MoS]

Persson, M., K. Rydell, B. Rankka and E. Uytewaal, cited 2006: Valuing the shoreline: Guideline for socio - economic analyses. Managing European Shoreline and Sharing Information on Nearshore Areas (MESSINA). 72 pp. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.interreg-messina.org/documents/CoastalToolkit/Zipped/ MESSINA%20-%20Practical%20Guide%20-%20Valuing%20the %20Shoreline.zip] [NPR]

Pethick, J., 2001: Coastal management and sea-level rise. Catena, 42, 307-322. Clean

Pethick, J 2002: Estuarine and tidal wetland restoration in the United Kingdom: Policy versus practice. Restor. Ecol., 10, 431-437. Clean

Pielke Jr, R.A., C. Landsea, M. Mayfield, J. Laver and R. Pasch, 2005: Hurricanes and global warming. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 1571-1575. [JoC]

Pielke, R.A., and C.W. Landsea, 1998: Normalized hurricane damages in the United States: 1925-95. Weather Forecast., 13, 621-631. Clean

Pierre, G., and P. Lahousse, 2006: The role of groundwater in cliff instability: an example at Cape Blanc-Nez (Pas-de-Calais, France). Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 31, 31-45. Clean

Piersma, T., and A. Lindstrom, 2004: Migrating shorebirds as integrative sentinels of global environmental change. Ibis, 146, 61-69. Clean

Pirazzoli, P.A., H. Regnauld and L. Lemasson, 2004: Changes in storminess and surges in western France during the last century. Mar. Geol., 210, 307-323. Clean

Poumadère, M., C. Mays, G. Pfeifle and A.T. Vafeidis, 2005: Worst Case Scenario and Stakeholder Group Decision: A 5-6 Meter Sea Level Rise in the Rhone Delta, France. Working paper FNU-76. Hamburg University and Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Hamburg, 30 pp. [NPR]

Precht, W.F., and R.B. Aronson, 2004: Climate flickers and range shifts of coral reefs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 307-314. Clean

Quammen, M.L., and C.P. Onuf, 1993: Laguna Madre - seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction. Estuaries, 16, 302-310. Clean

Queensland Government, 2001: State Coastal Management Plan. Environmental Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Brisbane, Queensland, 90 pp. [NPR]

Ragab, R., and C. Prudhomme, 2002: Climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: prospective and challenges for the 21st century. Biosystems Engineering, 81, 3-34. [ARC]

Ranasinghe, R., R. McLoughlin, A.D. Short and G. Symonds, 2004: The Southern Oscillation Index, wave climate, and beach rotation. Mar. Geol., 204, 273-287. Clean

Reed, D.J., 2002: Sea-level rise and coastal marsh sustainability: geological and ecological factors in the Mississippi delta plain. Geomorphology, 48, 233-243. Clean

Regnauld, H., P.A. Pirazzoli, G. Morvan and M. Ruz, 2004: Impact of storms and evolution of the coastline in western France. Mar. Geol., 210, 325-337. Clean

Rehfisch, M.M., G.E. Austin, S.N. Freeman, M.J.S. Armitage and N.H.K. Burton, 2004: The possible impact of climate change on the future distributions and numbers of waders on Britain’s non-estuarine coast. Ibis, 146, 70-81. [MoS]

Republic of Kenya, 2002: First National Communication of Kenya to the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Nairobi, 155 pp. [NPR]

Rice, J., 2003: Environmental health indicators. Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 235-259. [JoC]

Riegl, B., 2003: Climate change and coral reefs: different effects in two high-latitude areas (Arabian Gulf, South Africa). Coral Reefs, 22, 433-446. Clean

Rochelle-Newall, E., R.J.T. Klein, R.J. Nicholls, K. Barrett, H. Behrendt, T.N.H. Bresser, A. Cieslak, E.F.L.M. de Bruin and Co-authors, 2005: Global change and the European coast – climate change and economic development. Managing European Coasts: Past, Present and Future, J.E. Vermaat, L. Ledoux, K. Turner and W. Salomons, Eds., Springer (Environmental Science Monograph Series), New York, New York, 239-254. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Rodolfo, K.S., and F.P. Siringan, 2006: Global sea-level rise is recognised, but flooding from anthropogenic land subsidence is ignored around northern Manila Bay, Philippines. Disaster Manage., 30, 118-139. Clean

Rodriguez, A.B., M.L. Fassell and J.B. Anderson, 2001: Variations in shoreface progradation and ravinement along the Texas coast, Gulf of Mexico. Sedimentology, 48, 837-853. Clean

Rogers, K., N. Saintilan and H. Heinjis, 2005: Mangrove encroachment of salt marsh in Western Port Bay, Victoria: the role of sedimentation, subsidence, and sea-level rise. Estuaries, 28, 551-559. Clean

Rogers, K., K.M. Wilton and N. Saintilan, 2006: Vegetation change and surface elevation dynamics in estuarine wetlands of southeast Australia. Estuar. Coast Shelf S., 66, 559-569. Clean

Ross, M.S., J.F. Meeder, J.P. Sah, P.L. Ruiz and G.J. Telesnicki, 2000: The southeast saline Everglades revisited: 50 years of coastal vegetation change. J. Veg. Sci., 11, 101-112. Clean

Rowan, R., 2004: Coral bleaching - Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts. Nature, 430, 742. [JoC]

Royal Society, 2005: Ocean Acidification due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. The Royal Society, London, 60 pp. [NPR]

Rybczyk, J.M., and D.R. Cahoon, 2002: Estimating the potential for submergence for two subsiding wetlands in the Mississippi River delta. Estuaries, 25, 985-998. [MoS]

Saenger, P., 2002: Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. Kluwer, 360 pp. [NPR]

Sahagian, D., 2000: Global physical effects of anthropogenic hydrological alterations: sea level and water redistribution. Global Planet Change, 25, 29-38. Clean

Saintilan, N., and R.J. Williams, 1999: Mangrove transgression into saltmarsh environments in south-east Australia. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 8, 117-124. Clean

Saito, Y., 2001: Deltas in Southeast and East Asia: their evolution and current problems. Proceedings of the APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Joint Conference on Coastal Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in the Asia – Pacific Region, 14-16th November 2000, Kobe, Japan, Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research, 185-191. [NPR, SRC]

Saji, N.H., B.N. Goswami, P.N. Vinayachandran and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360-363. [JoC]

Sánchez-Arcilla, A., J.A. Jiménez and H.I. Valdemoro, 2006: A note on the vulnerability of deltaic coasts. Application to the Ebro delta. Managing Coastal Vulnerability: An Integrated Approach, L. McFadden, R.J. Nicholls and E. Penning-Rowsell, Eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 282 pp. [NPR]

Sánchez-Arcilla, A., J.A. Jiménez, H.I. Valdemoro and V. Gracia, 2007: Implications of climatic change on Spanish Mediterranean low-lying coasts: The Ebro delta case. J. Coastal Res., in press. [NPR, 2007]

Scavia, D., J.C. Field, D.F. Boesch, R. Buddemeier, D.R. Cayan, V. Burkett, M. Fogarty, M. Harwell and Co-authors, 2002: Climate change impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries, 25, 149-164. [SRC]

Schmidt-Thorné, P, Ed., 2006: Sea Level Change Affecting the Spatial Development in the Baltic Sea Region. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 41, Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 154 pp. [NPR]

Scott, D., G. Wall and G. McBoyle, 2005: Climate change and tourism and recreation in north America: exploring regional risks and opportunities. Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change, C.M. Hall and J. Higham, Eds., Channel View, Clevedon, 115-129. [NPR, ARC]

Sheppard, C.R.C., 2003: Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean. Nature, 425, 294-297. [JoC, MoS]

Sheppard, C.R.C., D.J. Dixon, M. Gourlay, A. Sheppard and R. Payet, 2005: Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: examples from the Seychelles. Estuar. Coast Shelf S., 64, 223-234. [ARC]

Sherman, R.E., T.J. Fahey and J.J. Battles, 2000: Small-scale disturbance and regeneration dynamics in a neotropical mangrove forest. J. Ecol., 88, 165-178. Clean

Shinn, E.A., G.W. Smith, J.M. Prospero, P. Betzer, M.L. Hayes, V. Garrison and R.T. Barber, 2000: African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3029-3032. [JoC]

Short, A.D., and A.C. Trembanis, 2004: Decadal scale patterns in beach oscillation and rotation, Narrabeen Beach, Australia - time series, PCA and wavelet analysis. J. Coastal Res., 20, 523-532. Clean

Short, F.T., and H.A. Neckles, 1999: The effects of global change on seagrasses. Aquat. Bot., 63, 169-196. Clean

Simas, T., J.P. Nunes and J.G. Ferreira, 2001: Effects of global change on coastal salt marshes. Ecol. Model., 139, 1-15. Clean

Singh, O.P., 2001: Cause-effect relationships between sea surface temperature, precipitation and sea level along the Bangladesh cost. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 68, 233-243. Clean

Small, C., and R.J. Nicholls, 2003: A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. J. Coastal Res., 19, 584-599. [SRC]

Smith, H.D., 2002a: The role of the social sciences in capacity building in ocean and coastal management. Ocean Coast. Manage., 45, 573-582. [JoC]

Smith, O.P., 2002b: Coastal erosion in Alaska. Ber. Polar- Meeresforsch., 413, 65-68. [JoC]

Solomon, S.M., and D.L. Forbes, 1999: Coastal hazards, and associated management issues on South Pacific islands. Ocean Coast. Manage., 42, 523-554. [PoC, JoC, SRC]

Spalding, M., F. Blasco and C. Field, 1997: World Mangrove Atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, 178 pp. [NPR, ARC]

Stern, N., 2007: The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 692 pp. [NPR, 2007]

Stive, M.J.F., 2004: How important is global warming for coastal erosion? An editorial comment. Climatic Change, 64, 27-39. [JoC]

Stive, M.J.F., S.J.C. Aarninkoff, L. Hamm, H. Hanson, M. Larson, K. Wijnberg, R.J. Nicholls and M. Capbianco, 2002: Variability of shore and shoreline evolution. Coast. Eng., 47, 211-235. [SRC]

Stolper, D., J.H. List and E.R. Thieler, 2005: Simulating the evolution of coastal morphology and stratigraphy with a new morphological-behaviour model (GEOMBEST). Mar. Geol., 218, 17-36. [MoS]

Stone, G.W., and R.A. McBride, 1998: Louisiana barrier islands and their importance in wetland protection: Forecasting shoreline change and subsequent response of wave climate. J. Coastal Res., 14, 900-916. [MoS]

Stone, G.W., J.P. Morgan, A. Sheremet and X. Zhang, 2003: Coastal Land Loss and Wave-surge Predictions During Hurricanes in Coastal Louisiana: Implications for the Oil and Gas Industry. Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 67 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Stone, L., A. Huppert, B. Rajagopalan, H. Bhasin and Y. Loya, 1999: Mass coral bleaching: a recent outcome of increased El Niño activity? Ecol. Lett., 2, 325-330. Clean

Storlazzi, C.D., and G.B. Griggs, 2000: Influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the evolution of central California’s shoreline. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 236-249. Clean

Storms, J.E.A., G.J. Weltje, J.J. van Dijke, C.R. Geel and S.B. Kroonenberg, 2002: Process-response modeling of wave-dominated coastal systems: simulating evolution and stratigraphy on geological timescales. J. Sediment Res., 72, 226-239. [MoS]

Sun, G., S.G. McNulty, D.M. Amatya, R.W. Skaggs, L.W. Swift, P. Shepard and H. Riekerk, 2002: A comparison of watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US. J. Hydrol., 263, 92-104. Clean

Syvitski, J.P.M., C.J. Vörösmarty, A.J. Kettner and P. Green, 2005: Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science, 308, 376-380. [JoC]

Tam, N.Y.Y., and Y.S. Wong, 2002: Conservation and sustainable exploitation of mangroves in Hong Kong. Trees, 16, 224-229. Clean

Taylor, J.A., A.P. Murdock and N.I. Pontee, 2004: A macroscale analysis of coastal steepening around the coast of England and Wales. Geogr. J., 170, 179-188. Clean

Thanh, T.D., Y. Saito, D.V. Huy, V.L. Nguyen, T.K.O. Oanh and M. Tateishi, 2004: Regimes of human and climate impacts on coastal changes in Vietnam. Regional Environmental Change, 4, 49-62. [SRC]

Thieler, E.R., and E.S. Hammar-Klose, 2000: National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise: Preliminary Results for the U.S. Pacific Coast. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-178. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-178/pages/toc.html] [NPR]

Thorne, C., E. Evans and E. Penning-Rowsell, Eds., 2006: Future Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risks. Thomas Telford, London, 350 pp. [NPR, MoS]

Titus, J.G., 2001: Does the U.S. Government realize that the sea is rising? How to restructure Federal programs so that wetland and beaches survive. Golden Gate University Law Review, 30, 717-778. Clean

Titus, J.G., 2004: Maps that depict the business-as-usual response to sea-level rise in the decentralized United States of America. Global Forum on Sustainable Development: Development and Climate Change. 11-12 November, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 22 pp. [NPR]

Tol, R.S.J., 2002: Estimates of the damage costs of climate change. Part II: Dynamic estimates. Environ. Resour. Econ., 21, 135-160. [MoS, SRC]

Tol, R.S.J., 2007: The double trade-off between adaptation and mitigation for sea-level rise: An application of FUND. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 741-753. [SRC, 2007]

Tol, R.S.J., M. Bohn, T.E. Downing, M.L. Guillerminet, E. Hizsnyik, R. Kasperson, K. Lonsdale, C. Mays and Co-authors, 2006: Adaptation to five metres of sea-level rise. J. Risk Res., 9, 467-482. [SRC]

Tompkins, E., S. Nicholson-Cole, L. Hurlston, E. Boyd, G. Brooks Hodge, J. Clarke, G. Gray, N. Trotz and L. Varlack, 2005a: Surviving Climate Change in Small Islands - A guidebook. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 132 pp. [NPR]

Tompkins, E.L., E. Boyd, S. Nicholson-Cole, K. Weatherhead, N.W. Arnell and W.N. Adger, 2005b: Linking Adaptation Research and Practice. Report to DEFRA Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Cross-Regional Research Programme. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 120pp. [NPR, ARC]

Townend, I., and J. Pethick, 2002: Estuarine flooding and managed retreat. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 360, 1477-1495. [JoC]

Townend, I., and K. Burgess, 2004: Methodology for assessing the impact of climate change upon coastal defence structures. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Coastal Engineering 2004,19-24 September; Lisbon, Portugal, World Scientific Publishing, 3593-3965. [NPR]

Trenberth, K.E., P.D. Jones, P.G. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D.R. Easterling, A.M.G. Klein Tank, D.E. Parker, J.A. Renwick and Co-authors, 2007: Surface and atmospheric climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 235-336. [NPR, PoC, 2007]

Trenhaile, A.S., 2002: Rock coasts, with particular emphasis on shore platforms. Geomorphology, 48, 7-22. Clean

Trenhaile, A.S., 2004: Modeling the accumulation and dynamics of beaches on shore platforms. Mar. Geol., 206, 55-72. [MoS]

Tsimplis, M.N., D.K. Woolf, T.J. Osborn, S. Wakelin, J. Wolf, R.A. Flather, A.G.P. Shaw, P.H. Woodworth, P.G. Challenor, D. Blackman, F. Pert, Z. Yan and S. Jevrejeva, 2005: Towards a vulnerability assessment of the UK and northern European coasts: the role of regional climate variability. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 1329-1358. [PoC, JoC, ARC]

Tsimplis, M.N., A.G.P. Shaw, R.A. Flather and D.K. Woolf, 2006: The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the sea level around the northern European coasts reconsidered: the thermosteric effects. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 364, 845-856. [JoC]

Turley, C., J.C. Blackford, S. Widdicombe, D. Lowe, P.D. Nightingale and A.P. Rees, 2006: Reviewing the impact of increased atmospheric CO₂ on oceanic pH and the marine ecosystem. Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, H.J. Schellnhuber, W. Cramer, N. Nakićenović, T.M.L. Wigley, and G. Yohe, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 65-70. [NPR, ARC]

Turner, R.K., 2001: Concepts and Methods for Integrated Coastal Management. Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 10 pp. [NPR]

UN Secretary General, cited 2006a: International co-operation on humanitarian assistance in the field of natural disasters, from relief to development; Strengthening of the coordination of emergency assistance of the United Nations. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-first Session. Sessions A/61. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.un.org/ga/61/issues/ha.shtml] [NPR]

UN Secretary General, cited 2006b: United Nations Millennium Declaration (18th September 2000). United Nations General Assembly Fifty-fifth Session. Agenda item 60(b). 9 pp. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf] [NPR]

UNDP, 2004: Reducing disaster risk: A challenge for development, Disaster Reduction Unit, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, 161 pp. [NPR]

UNEP, 2005: After the Tsunami; Rapid Environmental Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 141 pp. [NPR]

UNFCCC, 2005: Compendium on Methods and Tools to Evaluate Impacts of, and Vulnerability and Adaptation to, Climate Change. UNFCC Secretariat, 155 pp. [NPR]

UNOCHA, 2005: Regional Workshop on Lessons Learned and Best Practices of Disasters. United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 111 pp. [NPR]

US Government, cited 2006: The Federal response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons learned. 228 pp. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned.pdf] [NPR]

Valiela, I., 2006: Global Coastal Change. Blackwell, Oxford, 368 pp. [NPR]

van Aalst, M.K., 2006: The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters. Disasters, 30, 5-18. Clean

van Goor, M.A., M.J. Stive, Z.B. Wang and T.J. Zitman, 2001: Influence of relative sea-level rise on coastal inlets and tidal basins. Coastal Dynamics 2001. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Coastal Dynamics held June 11-15, 2001 in Lund, Sweden, H. Hanson, Ed., American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 242-251. [NPR]

van Goor, M.A., T.J. Zitman, Z.B. Wang and M.J. Stive, 2003: Impact of sea-level rise on the morphological equilibrium state of tidal inlets. Mar. Geol., 202, 211-227. Clean

Vassie, J.M., P.L. Woodworth and M.W. Holt, 2004: An example of North Atlantic deep-ocean swell impacting Ascension and St. Helena Islands in the Central South Atlantic. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 1095-1103. Clean

Viles, H.A., and A.S. Goudie, 2003: Interannual decadal and multidecadal scale climatic variability and geomorphology. Earth-Sci. Rev., 61, 105-131. Clean

Visser, L.E., 2004: Challenging Coasts: Transdisciplinary Excursions into Integrated Coastal Zone Development. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 248 pp. [NPR]

Walkden, M.J., and J.W. Hall, 2005: A predictive mesoscale model of the erosion and profile development of soft rock shores. Coast. Eng., 52, 535-563. [MoS, SRC]

Walkden, M.J.A., and M.E. Dickson, 2006: The Response of Soft Rock Shore Profiles to Increased Sea Level Rise. Working Paper 105. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, 13 pp. [NPR]

Walsh, J.P., and C.A. Nittrouer, 2004: Mangrove-bank sedimentation in a mesotidal environment with large sediment supply, Gulf of Papua. Mar. Geol., 208, 225-248. Clean

Waltham, T., 2002: Sinking cities. Geology Today, 18, 95-100. Clean

Wang, H., and C.F. Fan, 2005: The C14 database (II) on the Circum-Bohai Sea coast. Quaternary Sciences (in Chinese), 25, 144-155. Clean

Warrick, R., W. Ye, P. Kouwenhoven, J.E. Hay and C. Cheatham, 2005: New developments of the SimCLIM model for simulating adaptation to risks arising from climate variability and change. MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, A. Zerger, and R.M. Argent, Eds., Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 170-176. [NPR, MoS, SRC]

Wassmann, R., X.H. Nguyen, T.H. Chu and P.T. To, 2004: Sea-level rise affecting the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: water elevation in the flood season and implications for rice production. Climatic Change, 66, 89-107. [JoC]

Webster, P.J., A.M. Moore, J.P. Loschnigg and R.R. Leben, 1999: Coupled ocean-temperature dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98. Nature, 401, 356-360. [JoC]

Webster, P.J., G.J. Holland, J.A. Curry and H.-R. Chang, 2005: Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science, 309, 1844-1846. [JoC]

West, M.B., 2003: Improving science applications to coastal management. Mar. Policy, 27, 291-293. Clean

Whelan, K.T., T.J. Smith, D.R. Cahoon, J.C. Lynch and G.H. Anderson, 2005: Groundwater control of mangrove surface elevation: Shrink and swell varies with soil depth. Estuaries, 28, 833-843. Clean

Wigley, T.M.L., 2005: The climate change commitment. Science, 307, 1766-1769. [PoC, JoC]

Wilkinson, C.R., 2002: Status of Coral Reefs of the World. Australian Institute of Marine Sciences. 388 pp. [NPR]

Williams, K., M. MacDonald and L.D.L. Sternberg, 2003: Interactions of storm, drought, and sea-level rise on coastal forest: a case study. J. Coastal Res., 19, 1116-1121. Clean

Williams, K.L., K.C. Ewel, R.P. Stumpf, F.E. Putz and T.W. Workman, 1999: Sea-level rise and coastal forest retreat on the west coast of Florida. Ecology, 80, 2045-2063. Clean

Williams, M.J., R. Coles, and J.H. Primavera, 2007: A lesson from cyclone Larry: An untold story of the success of good coastal planning. Estuar. Coast Shelf S., 71, 364-367. [2007]

Winn, P.J.S., R.M. Young and A.M.C. Edwards, 2003: Planning for the rising tides: the Humber Estuary Shoreline Management Plan. Sci. Total Environ., 314, 13-30. Clean

Wisner, B., cited 2006: Monsoon, market, and miscalculation: The political ecology of Mumbai’s July 2005 floods. 6 pp. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.radixonline.org/resources/wisner-mumbaifloods2005_22-jan2006.doc] [NPR]

Wolters, M., J.P. Bakker, M.D. Bertness, R.L. Jefferies and I. Möller, 2005: Saltmarsh erosion and restoration in south-east England: squeezing the evidence requires realignment. J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 844-851. [ARC]

Woodroffe, C.D., 2003: Coasts: Form, Process and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 623 pp. [NPR, SRC]

Woodroffe, C.D., and R.J. Morrison, 2001: Reef-island accretion and soil development, Makin Island, Kiribati, central Pacific. Catena, 44, 245-261. [SRC]

Woodroffe, C.D., M. Dickson, B.P. Brooke and D.M. Kennedy, 2005: Episodes of reef growth at Lord Howe Island, the southernmost reef in the southwest Pacific. Global Planet Change, 49, 222-237. [SRC]

Woodroffe, C.D., R.J. Nicholls, Y. Saito, Z. Chen and S.L. Goodbred, 2006: Landscape variability and the response of Asian megadeltas to environmental change. Global Change and Integrated Coastal Management: The Asia-Pacific Region, N. Harvey, Ed., Springer, New York, New York, 277-314. [NPR, SRC]

Woodworth, P.H., J. Gregory and R.J. Nicholls, 2004: Long term sea level changes and their impacts. The Sea, vol. 12/13, A. Robinson and K. Brink, Eds., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. [NPR, SRC]

WTO, 2003: Climate change and tourism. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, 9-11th April, Djerba, Tunisia, World Tourism Organization. 55 pp. [NPR]

WTO, undated: Long-Term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision. [Accessed 13.04.07: http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm] [NPR]

Yohe, G., 2000: Assessing the role of adaptation in evaluating vulnerability to climate change. Climatic Change, 46, 371-390. [JoC, ARC]

Yohe, G., and R.S.J. Tol, 2002: Indicators for social and economic coping capacity - moving toward a working definition of adaptive capacity. Glob. Environ. Chang., 12, 25-40. [JoC, SRC]

Zacherl, D., S.D. Gaines and S.I. Lonhart, 2003: The limits to biogeographical distributions: insights from the northward range extension of the marine snail, Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852). J. Biogeogr., 30, 913-924. Clean

Zhang, K.Q., B.C. Douglas and S.P. Leatherman, 2000: Twentieth-century storm activity along the US east coast. J. Clim., 13, 1748-1761. [JoC]

Zhang, K.Q., B.C. Douglas and S.P. Leatherman, 2004: Global warming and coastal erosion. Climatic Change, 64, 41-58. [JoC]

Zimmerman, R.C., D.G. Kohrs, D.L. Steller and R.S. Alberte, 1997: Impacts of CO2 enrichment on productivity and light requirements of eelgrass. Plant. Physiol., 115, 599-607. Clean

Zweig, R., 1998: Sustainable Aquaculture: Seizing Opportunities to Meet Global Demand. Agriculture Technology Notes 22. World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia.[NPR]

NOTE: In the Summary of Reviewer Comments,
Accepted includes only those responses that were unambiguously Accepted.
There are other categories of responses that we have not yet quantified
due to inconsistencies of usage.

Summary of Reviewer Comments - Second Order Draft

Reviewer	Total Comments	Accepted	IPCC Roles	Papers
Government of USA	117	11	0	0
da Cunha, L	54	8	0	1
Reed, Denise	40	2	0	0
Hanson, CE	38	3	1	2
Cahoon, Donald	34	10	0	0
Llosa, Silvia	26	1	0	0
Government of Australia	23	1	0	0
Singh, B	21	6	0	1
Sheppard, CRC	21	3	0	2
Townend, I	21	3	0	4
Windhorst, Wilhelm	20	0	0	0
Harvey, D	16	2	0	1
Clayton, A	14	0	0	1
Henocque, Yves	13	1	0	0
Alder, J	13	0	0	4
Islam, RM	10	0	0	0
Government of Spain	10	1	0	0
Spencer, T	10	2	1	4
Li, CX	9	2	1	7
Government of Argentina	9	0	0	0
Seferlis, Miltiadis	8	0	0	0
Naylor, L	8	0	0	1
Government of Sweden	8	0	0	0
Viles, Heather	7	0	0	0
Government of India	7	1	0	2
Marshall, P	7	0	0	4
Government of Finland	6	0	0	0
Pereira, AR	6	0	0	0
Government of Korea	4	0	0	0
Government of Canada	4	0	0	0
Hansen, LJ	4	0	0	4
Saenger, P	4	0	0	1
Gornitz, V	4	0	1	6
Alakkat, U	3	0	0	1
Yan, Qilun	2	0	0	0
Brunskill, Gregg	1	0	0	0
Ceron, JP	1	0	1	3
Bernstein, Lenny	1	0	0	0
Government of Mauritius	1	1	0	1
Hawkins, SJ	1	0	0	10
Government of Norway	1	0	0	0
Totals	607	58	5	60

Overview of Reviewer Comments - Second Order Draft

Reviewer Type	Total Comments	Accepted	% Accepted
Govt	182	13	7%
IPCC	257	31	12%
Indep	168	14	8%
Total	607	58	9%

Main AR4 Index | Working Group WG2 Index | Table of Contents | Authors | Executive Summary | Annotated Text | References | Reviewer Comments